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119 results for “color evolution”
The SPOTS Models: A Grid of Theoretical Stellar Evolution Tracks and Isochrones For Testing The Effects of Starspots on Structure and Colors
<p><strong>The SPOTS Models: A Grid of Theoretical Stellar Evolution Tracks and Isochrones For Testing The Effects of Starspots on Structure and Colors</strong></p> <p>This repository contains the Stellar Parameters of Tracks with Starspots (SPOTS) grid of theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks and isochrones, presented in Somers, Pinsonneault, and Cao (2020, in prep). Our models were calculated with the Yale Rotating Evolution Code (e.g. van Saders & Pinsonneault, 2013, ApJ 776, 67), including updated which incorporate a treatment of surface starspots (Somers & Pinsonneault, 2015, ApJ 807, 174S). Modelling details can be found in these references. The purpose of this evolutionary suite is to provide the community with state-of-the-art predictions for the influence of starspots and magnetic activity on the structure of stars.</p> <p>The grid includes both isochrones and tracks. They can be downloaded individually from this repository, or in bulk by downloading the .zip files.</p> <p><strong>Isochrones (.isoc):</strong></p> <p>Each isochrone file contains a series of isochrones (stellar properties for a range of masses at fixed age) for ages between 1 Myrs and 4 Gyrs. Each file contains these isochrones for a different surface starspot covering fraction, given by the name of the file -- f000.isoc = 0% covering fraction, f017.isoc = 17% covering fraction, etc. Each isochrone contains several columns with different information, including,</p> <ol> <li>Fundamental properties: mass, age, luminosity, radius, logg, Teff, convective overturn timescale (TauCZ), lithium abundance relative to initial (Li/Li0).</li> <li>Starspot properties: Covering fraction (Fspot), ratio of spot temperature to ambient temperature (Xspot), the temperatures of hot and cool regions (T_hot, T_cool).</li> <li>Two-temperature colors, including Johnson BV, Cousins RI, 2MASS JHK, WISE W1, and Gaia G, BP, RP.</li> </ol> <p>Colors that fell outside of the calibrated range are listed as -99.0.</p> <p><strong>Tracks (.track):</strong></p> <p>We also include individual tracks for every combination of Fspot and Mass considered in the paper. Each .track file lists the mass and starspot covering fraction in the filename -- i.e. m055_f034.track is the model of mass 0.55Msun and with a 34% surface covering fraction. In addition to all the properties included in the isochrones, the track files also include:</p> <ol> <li>The total moment of interia of the model (total_I) and the moment of interia of the surface convection zone (CZ_I)</li> <li>The central and surface hydrogen abundances (X_cen, X_surf) and the surface metallicity (Z/X_surf)</li> <li>The deuterium abundance relative to initial (H2/H2_0)</li> </ol>
Data from: Interactions between sexual signaling, thermoregulation and body size drive ecology and evolution of wing colors in Odonata
<p>This dataset consists of images of the fore and hind wings (and associated metadata) of 4091 individual odonate specimens, and thus over 8000 wings, imaged on a commercially-available Epson desktop flatbed scanner and color-calibrated using a color-checker, comprising the Targeted Odonata Wing Digitization dataset (TOWD; <a href="https://digitizingdragonflies.org/">https://digitizingdragonflies.org/</a>) The odonates imaged are all from the Nearctic, and represent 343 species. </p> <p>In this dataset, 47% of images come from the Alabama Museum of Natural History (ALMNH), 19% from the PhD thesis collection of William Kuhn (now housed at the American Museum of Natural History, AMNH), 19% from the collection of the late Michael L. May, and 13% from Jessica Ware’s Rutgers-University Newark collection (now housed at the AMNH). </p> <p>Files are individual PNGs where transparency is the background. </p> <p>Metadata includes species, sex, and county. </p>
FIGURE 3 in Does soil color affect fish evolution? Differences in color change rate between lineages of the sailfin tetra
FIGURE 3 | A. Representation of the stock tank, with sandy bottom. B. Representation of experimental tank showing the compartments, leaf litter bottom and light bulb. Inner panes: pictures of fish with bright coloration (in stock tank) and dark coloration (after ten minutes of exposure to leaf litter bottom).
FIGURE 2 in Does soil color affect fish evolution? Differences in color change rate between lineages of the sailfin tetra
FIGURE 2 | Map showing the geographical position of the four populations of Crenuchus spilurus used in this study. Shapes represent the two main lineages that each population represents; squares for the Negro lineage and circles for the Amazonas lineage. Classification of lineages follows Pires et al. (2018).
Data from: Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in Timema stick insects
<p>A major unresolved issue in biology is why phenotypic and genetic variation is sometimes continuous, yet other times packaged into discrete units of diversity, such as morphs, ecotypes, and species. In theory, ecological discontinuities can impose strong disruptive selection that promotes the evolution of discrete forms, but direct tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Here we show that <span><em>Timema</em> </span>stick insects exhibit genetically-determined color morphs that range from weakly to strongly discontinuous. Color data from nature and a manipulative field experiment demonstrate that greater morph differentiation is associated with shifts from host plants exhibiting more continuous color variation to those exhibiting greater coloration distance between green leaves and brown stems, the latter of which generates strong disruptive selection. Our results show how ecological factors can promote discrete variation, and we further present results on how this can have variable effects on the genetic differentiation that promotes speciation.</p>
Data from: Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in Timema stick insects
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Data from: Large-scale mutation in the evolution of a gene complex for cryptic coloration
<p class="western">The types of mutations affecting adaptation in the wild are only beginning to be understood. In particular, whether structural changes shape adaptation by suppressing recombination or by creating new mutations is unresolved. Here we show that multiple, linked but recombining loci underlie cryptic color morphs of <i>Timema chumash </i>stick insects. In a related species, these loci are found in a region of suppressed recombination, forming a supergene. However, in seven species of <i>Timema </i>we find that a mega-base size 'supermutation' has deleted color loci in green morphs. Moreover, we find that balancing selection likely contributes more to maintaining this mutation than does introgression. Our results show how suppressed recombination and large-scale mutation can help package gene complexes into discrete units of diversity, such as morphs, ecotypes, or species.</p>
Phenotypic correlates of pelvic spine coloration in the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): Implications for function and evolution
<p>Animal color patches may be static or plastic in expression and concealable or continuously visible, yet these aspects of coloration, and their consequences, have been little studied. We address them here using the threespine stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>). Despite a rich history of study of stickleback nuptial color pattern evolution, disagreement persists regarding selection pressures and function. However, little research has addressed the role of pelvic spine coloration, a potentially important, and substantially concealable, color pattern element. We investigated (i) whether male pelvic spine (along with throat and body) coloration is relatively static or plastic across the reproductive cycle, (ii) when pelvic spines are raised versus concealed across behavioral contexts, and (iii) associations between color patches and behavior in males. We found no significant variation in spine color across reproductive stages whereas body color was more plastic and intensely red during courtship and egg/fry care. Conspicuousness of pelvic spine coloration instead varied behaviorally, through increased erection frequency during social interactions and in response to a model predator. Spine erection frequency was positively associated with behaviors that enhance spine color visibility, i.e. flees and leads to nest. These findings suggest that stickleback use pelvic spines to display an intensely red color patch facultatively, either as a complement to similar body coloration or possibly as a substitute. In addition, elevated spine raising in the presence of a model predator, together with the presence of red spine coloration in females, raises the possibility that red spine coloration may also have an anti-predator function.</p>
Data from: Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural color in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar)
<p><em>Research conducted:</em> The majority of plant colors are produced by anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, but coloration obtained by nanostructured materials (i.e., structural colors) is increasingly reported in plants. Here, we identify a multilayer photonic structure in the fruits of <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> and compare it to a previously described origin in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>.</p> <p><em>Methods:</em> We used a combination of transmission electron microscopy, serial EM tomography, scanning force microscopy, and optical simulations to characterize the photonic structure in<em> L. strigocamara</em>. We also examine the development of the structure during maturation.</p> <p><em>Key results:</em> We find that the structural color derives from a disordered, multilayered reflector consisting of lipid droplets of ~105 nm that form a plate-like structure in 3D. This structure begins to form early in development and reflects blue wavelengths of light with increasing intensity over time as the structure develops. The lipids used are likely polymers of lipid monomers.</p> <p><em>Main conclusions:</em> <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> is the second origin of a lipid-based photonic structure, convergently evolved with the structure in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>. Chemical differences between the lipids in<em> L. strigocamara</em> and those of <em>V. tinus</em> suggest a distinct evolutionary trajectory with implications for the signaling function of structural colors in fruits.</p>
Same colors for different functions: implications for the evolution of carotenoid-based ornamentation
<p><span>Sexual ornamentation is often assumed to be costly, allowing honest signaling of individual quality, and carotenoid-based colors were proposed to bear significant costs. If carotenoid-based colors are costly to produce, sexually-selected signals should use more concentrated carotenoid pigments and have more saturated color than non-sexual signals, where honesty-guaranteeing costs are not required. We tested this prediction comparing carotenoid-based colors across canaries, goldfinches and allies, because many of these species </span><span>use </span><span>yellow plumage as sexual ornamentation, but also have yellow rumps that appear to be non-sexual flash marks</span><span>. Only in the breast, but not the rump, was there an asymmetric </span><span>co-distribution of male and female color saturation, with males </span><span>similarly or more saturated than females, indicating evolution of breast color by sexual selection. Yellow was not consistently more saturated in the breast than in the rump, and the co-distribution of rump and breast color saturation indicated that saturated rumps can persist irrespective of breast color. This challenges </span><span>the assumption that carotenoid-based colors bear significant costs. The use of carotenoid coloration as sexual signals in this clade may instead be due to social costs, cost-free index mechanisms for signaling quality, and/or socially-monogamous species evolving low-cost signals to mostly discriminate against low-quality mates.</span></p>
Evolution of female colors in birds: The role of female cost of reproduction and paternal care
<p><span>Female ornamentation is frequently observed in animal species and is sometimes found as more evolutionarily labile than male ornamentation. A complex array of factors may explain its presence and variation. Here we assessed the role of female cost of reproduction and paternal care. Both factors have been pinpointed as important by theoretical studies but have not been investigated yet in detail at the interspecific level. We worked on 133 species of North temperate Passeriformes bird species for which both the clutch volume – here taken as the proxy of female cost of reproduction – and the amount of paternal care are relatively well known. Using spectrometry, we measured the whole-body colored plumage patches and quantified three metrics corresponding to brightness (i.e. achromatic component), color chromaticity (i.e. intensity), and color volume (i.e. diversity). We found a strong association between male and female color metrics. Controlling for this association, we found additional small but detectable effects of both cost of reproduction and paternal care. First, females of species with more paternal care were slightly brighter. Second, the interaction between the level of paternal care and egg volume was correlated with female color intensity: females with more paternal care tended to be more chromatic, only when their investment in reproduction was low. Together these results suggest that female cost of reproduction and paternal care are part of the multiple factors explaining variation of female coloration, besides the strong covariation between male and female coloration.</span></p>
Data from: Foraging predicts the evolution of warning coloration and mimicry in snakes
<p><span>Warning coloration and Batesian mimicry are classic examples of Darwinian evolution, but empirical evolutionary patterns are often paradoxical. We test whether a new factor, trade-offs with foraging, influences the evolution of striking coloration by integrating genetic and ecological data for aposematic and mimetic snakes (Elapidae and Dipsadidae). Our phylogenetic comparison of a total of 432 species demonstrated that dramatic changes in coloration were well-predicted by the foraging strategy. Multiple tests consistently indicated that warning coloration and conspicuous mimicry were more likely to evolve in species where foraging costs of conspicuous appearance were relaxed by the poor vision of their prey or concealed habitat. Reversion to crypsis was also well-predicted by ecology for elapids, but not for dipsadids. In contrast to a theoretical prediction and general trends, snakes' conspicuous coloration was correlated with secretive ecology, suggesting that a selection regime underlies evolutionary patterns. We also found evidence that mimicry of inconspicuous models (pitvipers) may have evolved in association with foraging demand for crypsis. These findings demonstrate that foraging is an important factor necessary to understand the evolution, persistence, and diversity of warning coloration and mimicry of snakes, highlighting the significance of additional selective factors in solving the warning coloration paradox.</span></p>
Data from: Correlated evolution of conspicuous coloration and burrowing in crayfish
<p>Conspicuous colors have fascinated biologists for centuries, leading to research on the evolution and functional significance of color traits. In many cases, research suggests that many conspicuous colors are adaptive and serve some function in sexual or aposematic signaling. In other cases, a lack of evidence for the adaptive value of conspicuous colors troubles biologists, such as within organisms that live underground and are rarely exposed to the surface. Here, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate color evolution throughout freshwater crayfishes that vary in burrowing ability. Within the taxa we analyzed, conspicuous colors have evolved independently over 50 times; and these conspicuous colors are more common in semi-terrestrial crayfishes that construct extensive burrows. The intuitive, but not evolutionary-justified assumption when presented these results is to assume that these colors are adaptive. But contrary to this intuition, we discuss the hypothesis that coloration in crayfish is neutral. Supporting these ideas, small population sizes and reduced gene flow within semi-terrestrial burrowing crayfishes may lead to fixation in color-phenotype mutations. Overall, our work brings into question the traditional view of animal coloration as a perfectly adapted phenotype.</p>
Data from: Convergent evolution of broadband reflectors underlies metallic colorations in butterflies
<p>Supplementary Files for Ren, Day <em>et al.</em> 2020 : <em><b>Convergent evolution of broadband reflectors underlies metallic coloration in butterflies</b></em></p>
Data from: The evolution of polymorphism in the warning coloration of the Amazonian poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus
<p>While intraspecific variation in aposematic signals can be selected for by different predatory responses, their evolution is also contingent on other processes shaping genetic variation. We evaluate the relative contributions of selection, geographic isolation and random genetic drift to the evolution of aposematic color polymorphism in the poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus, distributed throughout eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Dorsal coloration was measured for 111 individuals and genetic data were obtained from 220 individuals at two mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) and 7963 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Four color categories were described (brown, blue, yellow, orange) and our models of frog and bird visual systems indicated that each color was distinguishable for these taxa. Using outlier and correlative analyses we found no compelling genetic evidence for color being under divergent selection. A time-calibrated mtDNA tree suggests that the present distribution of dorsal coloration resulted from processes occurring during the Pleistocene. Separate phylogenies based on SNPs and mtDNA resolved the same well supported clades, each containing different colored populations. Ancestral character state analysis provided some evidence for evolutionary transitions in color type. Genetic structure was more strongly associated with geographic features, than color category, suggesting that the distribution of color is explained by localized processes. Evidence for geographic isolation together with estimates of low effective population size implicates drift as playing a key role in color diversification. Our results highlight the relevance of considering the neutral processes involved with the evolution of traits with important fitness consequences.</p>
Warning coloration, body size and the evolution of gregarious behavior in butterfly larvae
<p>Many species gain anti-predator benefits by combining gregarious behavior with warning coloration, yet there is debate over which trait evolves first, and which is the secondary adaptive enhancement. Body size can also influence how predators receive aposematic signals, and potentially constrain the evolution of gregarious behavior. To our knowledge, the causative links between the evolution of gregariousness, aposematism and larger body sizes have not been fully resolved. Here, using the most recently resolved butterfly phylogeny and an extensive new dataset of larval traits, we reveal the evolutionary interactions between important traits linked to larval gregariousness. We show that larval gregariousness has arisen many times across the butterflies, and aposematism is a likely prerequisite for gregariousness to evolve. We also find that body size may be an important factor for determining the coloration of solitary, but not gregarious larvae. Additionally, by exposing artificial 'larvae' to wild avian predation, we show that undefended, cryptic 'larvae' are heavily predated when aggregated but benefit from solitariness, whereas the reverse is true for aposematic prey. Our data reinforce the importance of aposematism for gregarious larval survival, whilst identifying new questions about the roles of body size and toxicity in the evolution of grouping behavior.</p>
Data from: Rural selection drives the evolution of an urban-rural cline in coat color in gray squirrels
<div> <p><span>Phenotypic differences between urban and rural populations are well-documented, but the evolutionary processes driving trait variation along urbanization gradients are often unclear. We combined spatial data on abundance, trait variation, and measurements of fitness to understand cline structure and test for natural selection on heritable coat color morphs (melanic, gray) of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) along an urbanization gradient. Population surveys using remote cameras and visual counts at 76 sites along the urbanization gradient revealed a significant cline in melanism, decreasing from 48% in the city center to <5% in rural woodlands. Among 76 squirrels translocated to test for phenotypic selection, survival was lower for the melanic than gray morph in rural woodlands, whereas there was no difference in survival between color morphs in the city. These results suggest the urban-rural cline in melanism is explained by natural selection favoring the gray morph in rural woodlands combined with relaxed selection in the city. Our study illustrates how trait variation between urban and rural populations can emerge from selection primarily in rural populations rather than adaptation to novel features of the urban environment. </span>This reposotory contains a) occupancy data, point count data, and R code used to estimate the urban-rural cline in melanism, and b) radiotelemetry data and R code used to estimate differential survival between color morphs in urban and rural environments.</p> </div>
From green to red: Urban heat stress drives leaf color evolution
<p><span>Urban environments, occupying approximately 1% of total land area, often impose novel biotic and abiotic selective pressures on organisms and provide valuable opportunities to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics between nature and human societies. Prevalence of impervious surface and resulting higher temperatures in urban areas, known as urban heat islands, comprises prominent characteristics in global cities. However, it is not known whether and how urban plants adapt to such heat stress. This study focused on <em>Oxalis</em> <em>corniculata</em>, which has intraspecific polymorphism in leaf color (green, red), and examined whether the leaf color variation is associated with urban heat stress. Field observations revealed consistent associations between leaf color and habitat types (green vs. urban) at local (< 500m), landscape (< 50km), and global scales. Green-leaved plants were dominant in green habitats, and red-leaved individuals had increased in number in urban habitats. Growth and photosynthesis experiments indicated the adaptive benefit and cost of red/green leaves associated with heat stresses. Red-leaved individuals had higher growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency under heat stress, while green-leaved individuals displayed higher growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency under non-stressful conditions. Genome-wide SNP analysis suggests that the red leaf trait may have evolved multiple times from the ancestral green leaf, rather than spreading from a single origin of red leaf evolution. Overall, the results suggested that the dominance of red leaves of <em>O. corniculata</em> seen in cities worldwide would be evidence of plant adaptative evolution due to urban heat islands.</span></p>
Associated evolution of fruit size, fruit color and spines in Neotropical palms
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Data from: Convergent evolution of broadband reflectors underlies metallic colorations in butterflies
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.