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233 results for “color pattern”
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
<p>The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in <i>Phyllobates</i>. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.</p>
Fig. 5. Mean Gonadosomatic Index for C in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 5. Mean Gonadosomatic Index for C. temensis variants grouped by CPV grade. a) Females from the Igapó Açú (Region 1). b) Females from the rio Caures (Region 2). c) Males from the Igapó Açú region. d) Males from the rio Caures. A significant correlation between GSI and CPV Grade was found for males and females in both collecting regions, p <.01 for a, b, d, and d.
Fig. 4 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 50 sequences sampled from the paca and açu variants of Cichla temensis (Genbank accession numbers HQ230011 - HQ230016) The phylogeny was rooted a posteriori with Cichla species of the clade A (sensu Willis et al. 2010) (GU295691- GU295704). The scale represents an HKY85 genetic distance.
Fig. 3. a in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 3. a) Mean (± SEM) lateral line scale counts for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all species were significantly different, p <0.0001*. b) Mean (± SEM) body depth to Standard Length ratio (adjusted for gonad size differential) for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all C. temensis were significantly different from both sympatric species, p <0.0001*.
Fig. 2 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 2. Collecting regions in two cyclically flooding drainages in the rio Amazon basin. Region 1, the Igapó-Açu region, a blackwater tributary complex of the rio Madeira, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. monoculus. Region 2, the rio Caures, a blackwater tributary of the rio Negro, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. orinocensis.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) with a horizontal color pattern from the rio Tapajós drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil
FIGURE 3 | A. Cyphocharax pantostictos, ZUEC 17137, 48.8 mm SL, Peru, Loreto, río Itaya basin; B. Cyphocharax multilineatus, MCP 54223, 116.3 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Santarém, rio Mentaí.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) with a horizontal color pattern from the rio Tapajós drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil
FIGURE 2 | Map of the lower Tapajós basin and its confluence with rio Amazonas showing the distribution of Cyphocharax cramptoni. The red dot indicates the type locality.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) with a horizontal color pattern from the rio Tapajós drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil
FIGURE 1 | Cyphocharax cramptoni; A. holotype, ZUE C 17124, 49.7 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Santarém, rio Mentaí; B. Living specimen, ZUEC 12071, 30.2 mm SL, same data as holotype.
FIG. 69. Elytral morphotypes with color patterns and nodules. A, B. Morphotype 68, VMNH 54567. C, D. Morphotype 69, VMNH 95448. E–G. Morphotype 70, VMNH 95487 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina
FIG. 69. Elytral morphotypes with color patterns and nodules. A, B. Morphotype 68, VMNH 54567. C, D. Morphotype 69, VMNH 95448. E–G. Morphotype 70, VMNH 95487. Scale bars: A–F: 0.5 mm, G: 0.1 mm.
Figure 1 in Enigmatic coloration pattern in greater weever Trachinus draco Linnaeus, 1758 and its biological significance
Figure 1. – Right and left side of Trachinus draco individuals showing dark patch (A-E) or patch absence (F, G). A: Male 297 mm TL; B: Male 264 mm TL; C: Male 305 mm TL; D: Male 268 mm TL; E: Male 306 mm TL; F: Female 323 mm TL; G: Female 317 mm TL.
Figure 2 in Enigmatic coloration pattern in greater weever Trachinus draco Linnaeus, 1758 and its biological significance
Figure 2. – Gonad transverse sections of Trachinus draco. A: Detail of functional testicular tissue of male 268 mm TL (St = spermatid; Sz = spermatozoa); B: Detail of functional ovarian tissue female 317 mm TL, actively spawning female (PG = primary growth oocyte; CA = cortical alveoli; Vtg2 = secondary vitellogenic oocyte; Vtg3 = tertiary vitellogenic oocyte; GVM = germinal vesicle migration). Based on the classification of Brown-Peterson et al., 2011).
Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation
Fig. 5. Relative mean GSI vs. relative mean HSI of color pattern variants of Cichla temensis. Points for GSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade as compared to the range encountered. Points for HSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade compared to the range encountered.
Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation
Fig. 3. Biplot of the uniform components in each direction (UniX and UniY) of morphometrical differences in 80 specimens of Cichla temensis in 4 color variation patterns (CPV) as measured by 9 Thin Plate Spline (TPS) distortion variables (V1-V9). Colored numbers indicate the CPV grade of individuals. The total spread of scores among individuals of each CPV are indicated by an envelope (solid line polygon) calculated as the minimum convex hull for that group. Position in the plot relative to other individuals indicates the degree of similarity in morph. Vectors point in the direction of gradient change for that TPS variable and the magnitude indicates the strength of the gradient. Angles between vectors indicate the TPS interset correlations.
Fig. 5 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 5. Identifying characters of Argia apicalis in the southeast: (A) humeral stripe wide extending at least three-quarters of the pterothorax length; (B) middorsal line slightly wider than in northwestern A. apicalis; and (C) paler caudal appendage (whiter) than in individuals from the north.
Fig. 2 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 2. (A) Distribution map of specimens examined (this accounts for about 59% of the reported distribution of Argia apicalis). Dark gray states with black dots represent collected specimen localities, and light gray states with no dots represent areas where no specimens were collected. (B) Distribution of color morphs of A. apicalis in Florida; dark gray represents counties with typical A. apicalis, light gray represents counties with atypical A. apicalis, and the striped area represents the county in which both typical and atypical A. apicalis morphs are present.
Fig. 4 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 4. Variation in width and extension of humeral stripes in the northwest region of the distribution: (A) Dallas County, Texas; (B) Fairfax County, Virginia; (C) Hunterdon County,New Jersey;(D) Iowa; (E) Missouri County,Oregon; (F) Washington Parish,Louisiana; (G) Holmes County, Florida;(H) Wharton County, Texas; and (I) Washington D.C.
Fig. 1. The 4 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 1. The 4 defining characters of Argia apicalis; (A) a pearlaceous blue pterothorax and a hairline humeral stripe; (B) a thin dorsal stripe; (C) males have a distinctive pointed and tooth-like cercus; (D) and their distribution east of the Rocky Mountains (shaded areas on map are the recorded distribution of A. apicalis).
Fig. 3 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 3. Geographical color variation: individuals from the (A) northwestern range of the distribution have a typical (= narrow) humeral stripe, whereas individuals from the (B) southeastern part of the range have an atypical (= wide) humeral stripe.
Fig. 6 in Geographical color pattern of Argia apicalis (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in the absence of molecular variation
Fig. 6. Variation of humeral stripes in the southeast region of the distribution: (A) Clay County, Florida; (B) Columbia County; Florida; (C) Wakulla County, Florida; and (D) Suwannee County, Florida.
Plate III: Figures 15-19. Lestes debellardi sp.n. (15) holotype male, pectoral color pattern, ventral view; (16) segment 10 with anal appendages, same specimen, left lateral view; (17) same, dorsal view; (18) penis of paratype, right lateral view; (19) same, ventral view. Figures 20-22. Epipleoneura lamina. (20) penis, right lateral view. (21) same, ventral view; (22) hind margin of pronotum of female taken in tandem, dorsal view. Figure 22a. Neoneura denticulata (?). hind margin of pronotum (female), dorsal view. Figures 23-24. Neoneura desana, female taken in tandem. (23) color pattern of head, dorsal view; (24) hind margin of pronotum, dorsal view in Dragonflies (Odonata) From The Sierras Of Tapirapeco And Unturan, In The Extreme South Of Venezuela
Plate III: Figures 15-19. Lestes debellardi sp.n. (15) holotype male, pectoral color pattern, ventral view; (16) segment 10 with anal appendages, same specimen, left lateral view; (17) same, dorsal view; (18) penis of paratype, right lateral view; (19) same, ventral view. Figures 20-22. Epipleoneura lamina. (20) penis, right lateral view. (21) same, ventral view; (22) hind margin of pronotum of female taken in tandem, dorsal view. Figure 22a. Neoneura denticulata (?). hind margin of pronotum (female), dorsal view. Figures 23-24. Neoneura desana, female taken in tandem. (23) color pattern of head, dorsal view; (24) hind margin of pronotum, dorsal view
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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