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157 results for “color polymorphism”
Dataset: Systematics of the color-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae)
<p>Phylogenetic analysis of the spiders of the genus Cybaeulus, with outgroups in the marronoid clade. Data from six DNA markers, analyzed with maximum likelihood and parsimony.</p> <p><br>PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS</p> <p>We obtained sequences from 26 samples of the three known species of Cybaeolus, and of five additional species of Hahniidae. To these, we added legacy sequences of Cybaeolus and of other genera of Hahniidae, as well as representatives of the remaining families in the marronoid clade. For the new sequences, the extraction and amplification of DNA was made in the Laboratory of Molecular Tools at Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN), from tissues preserved in absolute alcohol at -18ºC. We targeted the markers histone H3 (H3), cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO1), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S), previously used to estimate relationships of marronoid spiders (Wheeler et al., 2017). Details of extraction, primers and PCR protocols are the same as in Magalhaes & Ramírez (2022). Sequencing was outsourced to Macrogen Inc., South Korea. The resulting chromatograms were analyzed individually to detect contaminated sequences or ambiguous portions. In addition to these sequences obtained in the laboratory, we combined our data with additional sequences from previous work (Wheeler et al., 2017; Rivera-Quiroz et al., 2020), using the markers mentioned above plus 12S ribosomal RNA (12S) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S). For the CO1 marker, additional sequences obtained by the Arachnology Division at MACN and deposited in the BOLDSYSTEMS platform (https://www.boldsystems.org/) were also used. Sequences were aligned with MAFFT Online v.7.463 (Katoh & Standley, 2013), using the L-INS-I algorithm. See Table 1 for list of vouchers and sequence identifiers.</p> <p>Maximum likelihood<br>For the maximum likelihood analyses we used the program IQ-TREE 2.2.0 (Minh et al., 2020), partitioning the data by marker, and selecting the best combination of partitions and evolution models by Bayesian information criterion (best fitting models were TPM2+I+G4 for H3, GTR+F+I+G4 for 18S, GTR+F+I+G4 for 16S and 12S together, GTR+F+I+G4 for CO1, and GTR+F+I+G4 for 28S). Since the relationships of outgroup taxa in the resulting trees were slightly different to that found in recent phylogenomic studies, we used the study of Gorneau et al. (2023) based on ultraconserved elements as a backbone topology to constrain our tree search, considering only the taxa in common with our analysis (see supplementary Fig. S1); this means that all the rest of the taxa are free to move anywhere during tree search. Support for groups (branches) was estimated by 1000 cycles of ultrafast bootstrapping. Ten independent runs were performed; of those, six converged into nearly identical log likelihood values (-57417.7725 to -57417.9604) and identical topologies; the tree with top-ranking log likelihood is presented in Results, after collapsing branches with bootstrap below 0.5. To estimate the support of an alternative topology with Cybaeolus as sister to the rest of the hahniids, we used TNT 1.6 (Goloboff & Morales, 2023) to modify the optimal tree placing Cybaeolus in such position, and asked for the frequency of the branch of interest (all hahniids except Cybaeolus) in the 1000 bootstrapped trees previously saved by IQTREE.<br>Ancestral character states for the arrangement of spinnerets (grouped; separated in a transversal line) were estimated by maximum likelihood on the optimal tree, using the R packages phytools and ape, under the models ER and ARD, and the best fitting model selected by the Akaike information criterion. </p> <p>Parsimony<br>For the parsimony analyses we used TNT 1.6. For the equal weights analysis, a heuristic search was made using a driven search with the default parameters of the “new technologies”, aiming for 10 independent hits to minimum length. The resulting trees were then submitted to an additional round of tree-bisection reconnection (TBR) branch swapping. These results were compared to a simpler search strategy of 300 random addition sequences, each followed by TBR, which produced 20 hits to minimal length. As both strategies reached the same trees with multiple independent hits, it is likely that the optimal trees were found. Finally, the strict consensus of all the optimal trees was obtained, and on this consensus the support values were calculated by means of 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. </p>
Data from: Ontogeny of color development in two green-brown polymorphic grasshopper species
<p class="MsoNormal">Many insects, including several orthopterans, undergo dramatic changes in body coloration during ontogeny. This variation is particularly intriguing in gomphocerine grasshoppers, where the green and brown morphs appear to be genetically determined (Schielzeth & Dieker, 2020; Winter, Varma, & Schielzeth, 2021). A better understanding of how these color morphs develop during ontogeny can provide valuable insights into the evolution and ecology of such a widespread color polymorphism. Here, we focus on the color development of two green-brown polymorphic species, the club-legged grasshopper <em>Gomphocerus sibiricus </em>and the steppe grasshopper <em>Chorthippus</em> <em>dorsatus</em>. By following the color development of individuals from hatching to adulthood, we found that color morph differences begin to develop during the second nymphal stage,<span> are clearly defined by the third nymphal stage,</span> and remain stable throughout the life of an individual. Interestingly, we also observed that <span>shed skins of late nymphal stages are identifiable by color morphs based on their yellowish coloration, rather than the green that marks green body parts. </span>Furthermore, by assessing how these colors are perceived by different visual systems, we found that certain potential predators can chromatically discriminate between morphs, while others may not. These results suggest that the putative genes controlling color morph are active during the early stages of ontogeny, and that green color is likely composed of two components, one present in the cuticle and one not. In addition, the effectiveness of camouflage appears to vary depending on the specific predator involved.</p>
Data accompanying Polyphenisms and polymorphisms: genetic variation in plasticity and color variation within and among bluefin killifish populations
<p>The presence of stable color polymorphisms within populations begs the question of how genetic variation is maintained. Consistent variation among populations in coloration, especially when correlated with environmental variation, raises questions about whether environmental conditions affect either the fulcrum of those balanced polymorphisms, the plastic expression of coloration, or both. Color patterns in male bluefin killifish provoke both types of questions. Red and yellow morphs are common in all populations. Blue males are more common in tannin-stained swamps relative to clear springs. Here we combined crosses with a manipulation of light to explore how genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity shape these patterns. We found that the variation in coloration is attributable mainly to two axes of variation: (1) a red-yellow axis with yellow being dominant to red, and (2) a blue axis that can override red-yellow and is controlled by genetics, phenotypic plasticity, and genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. The variation among populations in plasticity suggests it is adaptive in some populations but not others. The variation among sires in plasticity within the swamp population suggests balancing selection may be acting not only on the red-yellow polymorphism but also on plasticity for blue coloration.</p>
Fig. 1 in Undescribed color polymorphism of the Asiatic palm weevil, Rhynchophorus vulneratus Panzer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Indonesia: biodiversity study based on COI gene
Fig. 1. Genealogical relationship of 105 sequence haplotypes of palm weevils collected from Indonesia and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (657 bp) using the neighbor joining method with 1,000 bootstraps. The colors indicate the palm weevil color morphs or species: - Asiatic palm weevil with rusty red morphs (APW–RR); - Asiatic red palm weevil with red stripe morphs (APW–RS); - Asiatic palm weevil with intermediate color between rusty red and red stripe morphs (APW–I); - black palm weevil (BPW as an outgroup); and - red palm weevil, R. ferrugineus (RPW). The numbers at the branching points indicate the bootstrap values. CA = Lineage A, CB = Lineage B, CC = Lineage C, SCA = Sub-cluster A, SCB = Sub-cluster B.
Selection maintains floral color polymorphism in the scarlet paintbrush, <em>Castilleja coccinea</em>, reflecting combined ecological factors
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Data accompanying Polyphenisms and polymorphisms: genetic variation in plasticity and color variation within and among bluefin killifish populations
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Replicated differential expression analysis in a green-brown polymorphic grasshopper reveals role of beta-carotene-binding protein in body coloration
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Data from: Ontogeny of color development in two green-brown polymorphic grasshopper species
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Data from: Ecological causes and consequences of flower color polymorphism in a self-pollinating plant (Boechera stricta)
Intraspecific variation in flower color is often attributed to pollinator-mediated selection, yet this mechanism cannot explain flower color polymorphisms in self-pollinating species. Indirect selection mediated via biotic and abiotic stresses could maintain flower color variation in these systems. The selfing forb, Boechera stricta, typically displays white flowers, but some individuals produce purple flowers. We quantified environmental correlates of flower color in natural populations. To disentangle plasticity from genotypic variation, we performed a multiyear field experiment in five gardens. In controlled conditions, we evaluated herbivore preferences and the effects of drought stress and soil pH on flower color expression. In natural populations, purple-flowered individuals experienced lower foliar herbivory than did their white-flowered counterparts. This pattern also held in the common gardens. Additionally, low-elevation environments induced pigmented flowers (plasticity), and the likelihood of floral pigmentation decreased with source elevation of maternal families (genetic cline). Viability selection favored families with pigmented flowers. In the laboratory, herbivores exerted greater damage on tissue derived from white- vs purple-flowered individuals. Furthermore, drought induced pigmentation in white-flowered lineages, and white-flowered plants had a fecundity advantage in the well-watered control. Flower color variation in selfing species is probably maintained by herbivory, drought stress, and other abiotic factors that vary spatially.
Data from: Pollen competition between morphs in a pollen-color dimorphic herb and the loss of phenotypic polymorphism within populations
Flower color polymorphism is relatively uncommon in natural flowering plants, suggesting that maintenance of different color morphs within populations is difficult. To address the selective mechanisms shaping pollen-color dimorphism, pollinator preferences and reproductive performance were studied over three years in Epimedium pubescens in which some populations had plants with either green or yellow pollen (and anthers). Visitation rate and pollen removal and receipt by the bee pollinator (Andrena emeishanica) did not differ between the two color morphs. Compared to the green morph, siring success of the yellow morph's pollen was lower, but that of mixtures of pollen from green and yellow morphs was lowest. This difference, corresponding to in and ex vivo experiments on pollen performance, indicated that pollen germination, rather than tube growth, of the green morph was higher than that of the yellow morph and was seriously constrained in both morphs if a pollen competitor was present. A rare green morph may invade a yellow-morph population, but the co-existence of pollen color variants is complicated by the reduced siring success of mixed pollinations. Potential pollen competition between morphs may have discouraged the maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations, a cryptic mechanism of competitive exclusion.
Data from: A ketocarotenoid-based color polymorphism in the Sira poison frog Ranitomeya sirensis indicates novel gene interactions underlying aposematic signal variation
<p>The accumulation of red ketocarotenoids is an important component of coloration in many organisms, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In some organisms, ketocarotenoids are sequestered from the diet and can accumulate when enzymes responsible for carotenoid breakdown are disrupted. In other organisms, ketocarotenoids are formed endogenously from dietary precursors via oxidation reactions carried out by carotenoid ketolase enzymes. Here, we study the genetic basis of carotenoid coloration in an amphibian. We demonstrate that a red/yellow polymorphism in the dendrobatid poison frog <em>Ranitomeya sirensis</em> is due to the presence/absence of ketocarotenoids. Using whole-transcriptome sequencing of skins and livers, we found that a transcript encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A80) is expressed 3.4-fold higher in livers of red frogs versus yellow. As CYP3A enzymes are known carotenoid ketolases in other organisms, our results point to CYP3A80 as a strong candidate for a carotenoid ketolase in amphibians. Furthermore, in red frogs, the transcript encoding the carotenoid cleavage enzyme BCO2 is expressed at a low level or as a splice variant lacking key catalytic amino acids. This suggests that BCO2 function may be disrupted in red frogs, providing a mechanism whereby the accumulation of ketocarotenoids and their dietary precursors may be enhanced.</p>
Data from: An intronic transposon insertion associates with a trans-species color polymorphism in Midas cichlid fishes
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Polymorphisms have fascinated biologists for a long time, but their genetic underpinnings often remained elusive. Here, we aimed to uncover the genetic basis of the gold/dark polymorphism that is eponymous of Midas cichlid fish (<i>Amphilophus </i>spp.) adaptive radiations in Nicaraguan crater lakes. While most Midas cichlids are of the melanic "dark morph", about 10% of individuals lose their melanic pigmentation during their ontogeny and transition into a conspicuous "gold morph". Using a new haplotype-resolved long-read assembly we discovered an 8.2kb, transposon-derived inverted repeat in an intron of an undescribed gene, which we term <i>goldentouch</i> in reference to the Greek myth of King Midas. The gene <i>goldentouch</i> is differentially expressed between morphs, likely due to structural implications of inverted repeats in both DNA and RNA (cruciform and hairpin formation). The near-perfect association with the phenotype across several independent populations suggests that this insertion likely underlies this trans-specific, stable polymorphism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
The weaker sex: Male lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) with blue color polymorphism are more burdened by parasites than are other sex–color combinations
<p>The unusual blue color polymorphism of lingcod (<i>Ophiodon elongatus</i>) is the subject of much speculation but little empirical research; ~20% of lingcod individuals exhibit this striking blue color morph, which is discrete from and found within the same populations as the more common brown morph. In other species, color polymorphisms are intimately linked with host–parasite interactions, which led us to ask whether blue coloration in lingcod might be associated with parasitism, either as cause or effect. To test how color and parasitism are related in this host species, we performed parasitological dissection of 89 lingcod individuals collected across more than 26 degrees of latitude from Alaska, Washington, and California, USA. We found that male lingcod carried 1.89 times more parasites if they were blue than if they were brown, whereas there was no difference in parasite burden between blue and brown female lingcod. Blue individuals of both sexes had lower hepatosomatic index (i.e., relative liver weight) values than did brown individuals, indicating that blueness is associated with poor body condition. The immune systems of male vertebrates are typically less effective than those of females, due to the immunocompromising properties of male sex hormones; this might explain why blueness is associated with elevated parasite burdens in males but not in females. What remains to be determined is whether parasites induce physiological damage that produces blueness or if both blue coloration and parasite burden are driven by some unmeasured variable, such as starvation. Although our study cannot discriminate between these possibilities, our data suggest that the immune system could be involved in the blue color polymorphism – an exciting jumping-off point for future research to definitively identify the cause of lingcod blueness and a hint that immunocompetence and parasitism may play a role in lingcod population dynamics.</p>
Data from: The evolution of polymorphism in the warning coloration of the Amazonian poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus
<p>While intraspecific variation in aposematic signals can be selected for by different predatory responses, their evolution is also contingent on other processes shaping genetic variation. We evaluate the relative contributions of selection, geographic isolation and random genetic drift to the evolution of aposematic color polymorphism in the poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus, distributed throughout eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Dorsal coloration was measured for 111 individuals and genetic data were obtained from 220 individuals at two mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) and 7963 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Four color categories were described (brown, blue, yellow, orange) and our models of frog and bird visual systems indicated that each color was distinguishable for these taxa. Using outlier and correlative analyses we found no compelling genetic evidence for color being under divergent selection. A time-calibrated mtDNA tree suggests that the present distribution of dorsal coloration resulted from processes occurring during the Pleistocene. Separate phylogenies based on SNPs and mtDNA resolved the same well supported clades, each containing different colored populations. Ancestral character state analysis provided some evidence for evolutionary transitions in color type. Genetic structure was more strongly associated with geographic features, than color category, suggesting that the distribution of color is explained by localized processes. Evidence for geographic isolation together with estimates of low effective population size implicates drift as playing a key role in color diversification. Our results highlight the relevance of considering the neutral processes involved with the evolution of traits with important fitness consequences.</p>
Dataset of the paper: Gray versus yellow ventral coloration: Identity, distribution, color polymorphism and molecular relationships of the microhylid frog Platypelis mavomavo Andreone, Fenolio & Walvoord, 2003
<p>Table with sequences, accession numbers and metadata used for molecular analysis, as well as alignments, treefiles, and table with morphological measurements.</p>
Soil and climate contribute to maintenance of a flower color polymorphism
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Data from: Ecosystem effects of intraspecific variation in a color polymorphic amphibian
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The weaker sex: Male lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) with blue color polymorphism are more burdened by parasites than are other sex–color combinations
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Data from: The evolution of polymorphism in the warning coloration of the Amazonian poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus
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Data from: Pollen competition between morphs in a pollen-color dimorphic herb and the loss of phenotypic polymorphism within populations
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