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14 results for “colour divergence”
Ecological, genetic and geographical divergence explain differences in sunbird (Nectariniidae) colouration
<p>Bird plumages are among the most elaborate ornaments, displaying almost all colours of the rainbow. Why and how birds are so colourful remains an open question with multiple and sometimes competing hypotheses. Different colours in different patches might have different functions and thus result from different forms of selection (e.g., natural vs. sexual selection). Here we test three hypotheses that might explain colour differences: (1) species isolation, (2) light environment, and (3) Brownian motion. We show that both natural and sexual selection affect the evolution of sunbird colouration, but that their extent and direction differs between sexes, by species interactions, and for different patches across the body. Even though overlap in the light environment explains part of colour differences in species, no colour metric (brightness and chroma) correlates to the light environment. It is likely that these results, where multiple forms of selection influence colouration in different ways, are more general across birds, highlighting the need to investigate bird colouration as a network of individual but inter-connected colour patches.</p>
Ecological, genetic and geographical divergence explain differences in sunbird (Nectariniidae) colouration
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Sympatry drives colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae)
<p>Closely related species often exhibit similarities in appearance and behaviour, yet when related species exist in sympatry, signals may diverge to enhance species recognition. Prior comparative studies provided mixed support for this hypothesis, but the relationship between sympatry and signal divergence is likely non-linear. Constraints on signal diversity may limit signal divergence, especially when large numbers of species are sympatric. We tested the effect of sympatric overlap on plumage colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae), a speciose group with diverse visual and vocal signals. We also tested how number of sympatric species influences signal divergence. Allopatric species pairs had overall greater plumage and song divergence compared to sympatric species pairs. However, among sympatric species pairs, plumage divergence positively related to degree of sympatric overlap in males and females, while male song bandwidth and syllable rate divergence negatively related to sympatric overlap. In addition, as the number of species in sympatry increased, average signal divergence among sympatric species decreased, which likely due to constraints on warbler perceptual space and signal diversity. Our findings reveal that sympatry influences signal evolution in warblers, though not always as predicted, and that number of sympatric species can limit sympatry's influence on signal evolution.</p>
Data from: Local adaptation and divergence in colour signal conspicuousness between monomorphic and polymorphic lineages in a lizard
Population differences in visual environment can lead to divergence in multiple components of animal coloration including signalling traits and colour patterns important for camouflage. Divergence may reflect selection imposed by different receivers (conspecifics, predators), which depends in turn on the location of the colour patch. We tested for local adaptation of two genetically and phenotypically divergent lineages of a rock-inhabiting lizard, Ctenophorus decresii, by comparing the visual contrast of colour patches to different receivers in native and non-native environments. The lineages differ most notably in male throat coloration, which is polymorphic in the northern lineage and monomorphic in the southern lineage, but also differ in dorsal and lateral coloration, which is visible to both conspecifics and potential predators. Using models of animal colour vision, we assessed whether lineage-specific throat, dorsal and lateral coloration enhanced conspicuousness to conspecifics, increased crypsis to birds or both, respectively, when viewed against the predominant backgrounds from each lineage. Throat colours were no more conspicuous against native than non-native rock but contrasted more strongly with native lichen, which occurs patchily on rocks inhabited by C. decresii. Conversely, neck coloration (lateral) more closely matched native lichen. Furthermore, although dorsal coloration of southern males was consistently more conspicuous to birds than that of northern males, both lineages had similar absolute conspicuousness against their native backgrounds. Combined, our results are consistent with local adaptation of multiple colour traits in relation to multiple receivers, suggesting that geographic variation in background colour has influenced the evolution of lineage-specific coloration in C. decresii.
Data from: AFLP genome scans suggest divergent selection on colour patterning in allopatric colour morphs of a cichlid fish
Genome scan-based tests for selection are directly applicable to natural populations to study the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms behind phenotypic differentiation. We conducted AFLP genome scans in three distinct geographic colour morphs of the cichlid fish Tropheus moorii to assess whether the extant, allopatric colour pattern differentiation can be explained by drift and to identify markers mapping to genomic regions possibly involved in colour patterning. The tested morphs occupy adjacent shore sections in southern Lake Tanganyika and are separated from each other by major habitat barriers. The genome scans revealed significant genetic structure between morphs, but a very low proportion of loci fixed for alternative AFLP alleles in different morphs. This high level of polymorphism within morphs suggested that colour pattern differentiation did not result exclusively from neutral processes. Outlier detection methods identified six loci with excess differentiation in the comparison between a bluish and a yellow-blotch morph and five different outlier loci in comparisons of each of these morphs with a red morph. As population expansions and the genetic structure of Tropheus make the outlier approach prone to false-positive signals of selection, we examined the correlation between outlier locus alleles and colour phenotypes in a genetic and phenotypic cline between two morphs. Distributions of allele frequencies at one outlier locus were indeed consistent with linkage to a colour locus. Despite the challenges posed by population structure and demography, our results encourage the cautious application of genome scans to studies of divergent selection in subdivided and recently expanded populations.
Data from: Ecological divergence among colour morphs mediated by changes in spatial network structure associated with disturbance
1. Differences in individual behaviour affect social interactions and contribute to the spatial structuring of animal populations. However, disturbance should also affect spatial networks by altering habitat heterogeneity and resource availability. Variation in resource availability should perturb the frequency and nature of social and ecological interactions within a population by affecting the spatial distribution of individuals. 2. In disturbed habitats where resources are limiting, spatial relationships should reflect behavioural differences among individuals, with higher-quality resources controlled by dominant individuals. In contrast, all individuals may exploit preferred resources in resource-rich habitats. Environmental variation and population reorganisation may also result in variation in morphological, behavioural, and ecological traits, which ultimately affect fitness. 3. We addressed these considerations for male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) at three sites that differ in levels of disturbance. The habitats at these localities differed in the availability of live trees, the preferred microhabitat of U. ornatus. In addition, male U. ornatus exhibit a polymorphism in dewlap colour linked with differences in aggression, which should influence their position in a network and access to resources. We applied a network framework to characterise the spatial organisation of male morphs at each site and quantified male aggressive behaviour in the laboratory. We also compared body size, body condition, number of bite marks, parasite load, and the microhabitat use and diet, of males among the sites. 4. We detected no significant differences in spatial network structure between unburned and infrequently burned sites. However, at a frequently-burned site, the network shifted towards geographically closer, heteromorphic male neighbour associations. Males at this site were also larger, more aggressive, and had more bite marks but fewer parasites than males at the other sites. Moreover, we detected divergence in microhabitat use and diet among the morphs at the frequently-burned site that reflected the shift in spatial network structure and differences in morph behaviour. That is, only more-aggressive morphs usurped trees and consumed prey from higher trophic levels. 5. We conclude that environmental variation may influence animal spatial network structure. Jointly, behavioural and environmental variation may promote despotic social dynamics and ecological divergence in resource-limited habitats.
FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions
FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Data from: AFLP genome scans suggest divergent selection on colour patterning in allopatric colour morphs of a cichlid fish
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Data from: Local adaptation and divergence in colour signal conspicuousness between monomorphic and polymorphic lineages in a lizard
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Sympatry drives colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae)
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Data from: Ecological divergence among colour morphs mediated by changes in spatial network structure associated with disturbance
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Data from: Molecular population genetics of the melanic plumage polymorphism in arctic skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus): evidence for divergent selection on plumage colour
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Substantial genetic divergence and lack of recent gene flow support cryptic speciation in a colour polymorphic bumble bee (Bombus bifarius) species complex
<p>Phenotypic polymorphism can constitute an inherent challenge for species delimitation. This issue is exemplified in bumble bees (<i>Bombus</i>), where species can exhibit high colour variation across their range, but otherwise exhibit little morphological variation to distinguish them from close relatives. We examine the species status of one of the most abundant North American bumble bees, <i>Bombus bifarius</i> Cresson, which historically was comprised of two major taxa, <i>bifarius</i> <i>s.s.</i> (<i>sensu stricto</i>) and <i>nearcticus</i>. These sublineages are recognized primarily by red and black variation in their mid-abdominal coloration, however, a continuum from black (<i>nearcticus</i>) to red (<i>bifarius s.s.</i>) variation has led to their historic synonymisation. Integrating mitochondrial and nuclear data and whole-genome sequencing, we reveal a high level of both mitochondrial and nuclear divergence delimiting two morphologically cryptic species – the red <i>bifarius s.s.</i> and the color variable (black to red) <i>nearcticus</i>. Population genomic analysis supports an absence of recent genomic admixture and a strong population structure between the two clades even in sympatry. Species distribution models predict partially differentiated niches between the genetically-inferred clades with annual precipitation being a leading differentiating variable. The<i> bifarius</i> <i>s.s. </i>lineage also occupies significantly higher elevations, with regions of sympatry being among the highest elevations in <i>nearcticus</i>. Our data also support a subspecies-level divergence between the broadly distributed <i>nearcticus</i> and the island population <i>vancouverensis</i>. In this paper, we formally recognize the two species, <i>Bombus</i> <i>bifarius</i> Cresson and <i>Bombus</i> <i>vancouverensis </i>Cresson, the latter including the subspecies <i>B. vancouverensis vancouverensis</i> <b>comb. n.</b> and <i>B. vancouverensis nearcticus</i> <b>comb. n</b>., with <i>vancouverensis </i>the name bearer due to year priority.</p> <p> </p>
Substantial genetic divergence and lack of recent gene flow support cryptic speciation in a colour polymorphic bumble bee (Bombus bifarius) species complex
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Allen Brain Atlas
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