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112 results for “colour polymorphism”
Density-dependent selection and the maintenance of colour polymorphism in barn owls
<p>The capacity of natural selection to generate adaptive changes is according to the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection proportional to the additive genetic variance in fitness. In spite of its importance for development of new adaptations to a changing environment, processes affecting the magnitude of the genetic variance in fitness-related traits are poorly understood. Here we show that the red-white colour polymorphism in female barn owls is subject to density-dependent selection at the phenotypic and genotypic level. The diallelic melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene explained a large amount of the phenotypic variance in reddish colouration in the females (R^2 = 59.8 %). Red individuals (RR genotype) were selected for at low densities, while white individuals (WW genotype) were favoured at high densities and were less sensitive to changes in density. We show that this density-dependent selection favours white individuals and predicts fixation of the white allele in this population at longer time scales without immigration or other selective forces. Still, fluctuating population density will cause selection to fluctuate and periodically favour red individuals. These results suggest how balancing selection caused by fluctuations in population density can be a general mechanism affecting the level of additive genetic variance in natural populations.</p>
Figure 15 in A new subspecies of Сryptocephalus ergenensis Morawitz, 1863 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from Kazakhstan and significance of colour pattern polymorphism examination
Figure 15. Colour pattern variability in Cryptocephalus apicalis species group. a–i – С. apicalis; j – С. lateralis; k–m – С. ergenensis ergenensis; n–o – С. ergenensis kalbensis ssp. n. (a–i from Warchałowski 1991, slightly modified, others – orig.).
Figures 11–14 in A new subspecies of Сryptocephalus ergenensis Morawitz, 1863 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from Kazakhstan and significance of colour pattern polymorphism examination
Figures 11–14. Aedeagi of Cryptocephalus (Asionus) spp in lateral and dorsal view. 11 – С. ergenensis ergenensis, West Kazakhstan, Atyrau region, Deukara; 12 – С. ergenensis kalbensis ssp. n., type locality; 13 – С. apicalis, East Kazakhstan, Kalbinsky mt. range, near Nizhniy Tainty; 14 – С. lateralis. Scale bar – 1.0 mm.
Fig. 2 in Genetically Determined Colour Polymorphism In Larvae Of Ceriagrion Chaoi (Insecta: Odonata: Coenagrionidae)
Fig. 2. Alignment of 454 bp partial sequences 16S rDNA of representative Ceriagrion chaoi and Ceriagrion cerinorubellum. CCHA1 = adult female of C. chaoi; CCHA2 = female exuvia of C. chaoi; CCHA4 = male brown larva of C. chaoi; CCHA6 = male black larva of C. chaoi; CCHA13 = dark larva* of C. chaoi; CCHA15 = brown larva* of C. chaoi; CCHA16 = brown larva of C. chaoi; CCER1 = C. cerinorubellum. *sex not determined.
Figs 51, 52.Ant species collected from 20 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 51, 52.Ant species collected from 20 sites sampled in the Ndumo Game Reserve during June–July (51) and November–December 2009 (52) by pitfall trapping over a 10-day period that may be potential models for Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923. Numbers above each column indicate the total number of potential model ants sampled (Table 1), followed in parenthesis by the number of black and red morphs of M. alberti collected by hand at each site. Red crosses indicate sites where no potential ant models or M. alberti were collected. Blue bars – Streblognathus peetersi Robertson, 2002; orange bars – Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith, 1858); maroon bars – Camponotus cinctellus (Gerstäcker, 1859); turquoise bars –?Atopomyrmex mocquerysi André, 1889; yellow bars – Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi, 1914; green bars – Polyrhachis gagates F. Smith, 1858; red bars –?Pachycondyla caffraria (F. Smith, 1858).
Fig. 50 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Fig. 50. Distribution of Merenius alberti in southern Africa: black circles – black morph; white circles – red morph.
Fig. 11 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Fig. 11. Map of South Africa indicating the location of Ndumo Game Reserve, with enlarged map indicating the 20 sites sampled for Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 and the resident ant assemblages that may serve as their models.
Figs 7–10 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 7–10. General habitus of ants from Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa: (7) Polyrhachis gagates F. Smith, 1858; (8) Camponotus cinctellus (Gerstäcker, 1859); (9) Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith, 1858); (10) Streblognathus peetersi Robertson, 2002.
Figs 12–15 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 12–15. Light microscope photographs of Merenius alberti Lessert from Ndumo Game Reserve: (12) female, black morph; (13) male, black morph; (14) female, red morph; (15) male, red morph. Scale bars = 2.0 mm.
Figs 46–49 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 46–49. Genitalic morphology of Merenius alberti Lessert: (46, 47) female epigyne, ventral (46) and dorsal (47) views; (48, 49) male palp, ventral (48) and retrolateral (49) views. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
Figs 28–33 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 28–33. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Merenius alberti Lessert female (28–30) and male (31–33) spinneret morphology: (28, 31) anterior lateral spinneret; (29, 32) posterior median spinneret; (30, 33) posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac – aciniform gland spigot(s); Cy – cylindrical gland spigot(s); MAmp – major ampullate gland spigot(s); mAmp – minor ampullate gland spigot(s); n – nubbin; Pi – piriform gland spigot; ta – tartipore.
Figs 1–6 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 1–6. General habitus of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 females from Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa (1, 4–6), iSimangaliso Wetlands Park, South Africa (2) and Sodwana Bay, South Africa (3): (1–3, 5) common black colour morph; (4, 6) scarce red colour morph.
Figs 34–45 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 34–45. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Merenius alberti Lessert male: (34) eye region, anterior view; (35) promarginal bent setae, anterolateral view; (36) chelicera, ventral view; (37) serrula; (38) femur I, feathery setae; (39) leg II, patellar indentation (PI); (40) same, detail of proximal end of PI; (41) patella and tibia III setae and spines; (42) metatarsus I trichobothria and setae; (43) tarsus II, arrow indicating tarsal organ; (44) distal section of palpal cymbium; (45) embolus.
Figs 16–27 in A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models
Figs 16–27. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Merenius alberti Lessert female: (16) cheliceral promarginal bent setae, anterior view; (17) leg I, patellar indentation (PI); (18) same, detail of proximal end of PI; (19) tibiae I, retrolateral view, indicating slit sensilla (arrow) and short erect setae (es); (20) same, detail of slit sensilla; (21) metatarsus III, spine and feathery setae; (22) tarsus II, indicating short erect setae (es) and trichobothria (tr); (23) palpal femur, erect ventral setae; (24) dorsal abdominal setae, arrow indicating sigillum; (25) same; (26) epigyne, ventral view; (27) same, dorsal, slightly lateral view.
Data and scripts for the colour analysis from: Gene flow throughout the evolutionary history of a colour polymorphic and generalist clownfish
<p>Even seemingly homogeneous on the surface, the oceans display high environmental heterogeneity across space and time. Indeed, different soft barriers structure the marine environment, which offers an appealing opportunity to study various evolutionary processes such as population differentiation and speciation. Here, we focus on <em>Amphiprion clarkii </em>(Actinopterygii; Perciformes), the most widespread of clownfishes that exhibits the highest colour polymorphism. Clownfishes can only disperse during a short pelagic larval phase before their sedentary adult lifestyle, which might limit connectivity among populations, thus facilitating speciation events. Consequently, the taxonomic status of <em>A. clarkii</em> has been under debate. We used whole-genome resequencing data of 67 <em>A. clarkii</em> specimens spread across the Indian and Pacific Oceans to characterise the species' population structure, demographic history, and colour polymorphism. We found that <em>A. clarkii</em> spread from the Indo-Pacific Ocean to the Pacific and Indian Oceans following a stepping-stone dispersal and that gene flow was pervasive throughout its demographic history. Interestingly, colour patterns differed noticeably among the Indonesian populations and the two populations at the extreme of the sampling distribution (i.e. Maldives and New Caledonia), which exhibited more comparable colour patterns despite their geographic and genetic distances. Our study emphasises how whole-genome studies can uncover the intricate evolutionary past of wide-ranging species with diverse phenotypes, shedding light on the complex nature of the species concept paradigm.</p>
Density-dependent selection and the maintenance of colour polymorphism in barn owls
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Data and scripts for the colour analysis from: Gene flow throughout the evolutionary history of a colour polymorphic and generalist clownfish
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Data from: Changes in gene expression during female reproductive development in a colour polymorphic insect
<p>Pleiotropy (multiple phenotypic effects of single genes) and epistasis (gene interaction) have key roles in the development of complex phenotypes, especially in polymorphic taxa. The development of discrete and heritable phenotypic polymorphisms often emerges from major-effect genes that interact with other loci and have pleiotropic effects on multiple traits. We quantified gene expression changes during ontogenetic colour development in a polymorphic insect (damselfly: <i>Ischnura elegans</i>), with three heritable female morphs, one being a male mimic. This female colour polymorphism is maintained by male mating harassment and sexual conflict. Using transcriptome sequencing and <i>de novo</i> assembly, we demonstrate that all three morphs downregulate gene expression during early colour development. The morphs become increasingly differentiated during sexual maturation and when developing adult colouration. These different ontogenetic trajectories arise because the male-mimic shows accelerated (heterochronic) development, compared to the other female morphs. Many loci with regulatory functions in reproductive development are differentially regulated in the male-mimic, including upstream and downstream regulators of ecdysone signalling and transcription factors potentially influencing sexual differentiation. Our results suggest that long-term sexual conflict does not only maintain this polymorphism, but has also modulated the evolution of gene expression profiles during colour development of these sympatric female morphs.</p>
Colour polymorphism in the sea snake Emydocephalus annulatus
<p>Evolutionary theory suggests that polymorphic traits can be maintained within a single population only under specific conditions, such as negative frequency-dependent selection or heterozygote advantage. Non-venomous turtle-headed sea snakes (<em>Emydocephalus annulatus</em>) living in shallow bays near Noumea in New Caledonia exhibit three colour morphs: black, black-and-white banded, and an intermediate (grey-banded) morph that darkens with age. We recorded morph frequencies during 18 consecutive years of surveys, and found that the numbers of recruits (neonates plus immigrants) belonging to each morph increased in years when that morph was unusually rare in the population, and decreased when that morph was unusually common. Thus, morph frequencies are maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection. We interpret the situation as Batesian mimicry of highly venomous sea snakes (<em>Aipysurus</em>, <em>Hydrophis</em>, <em>Laticauda</em>) that occur in the same bays, and range in colour from black-and-white banded to grey-banded. Consistent with the idea that mimicry may protect snakes from attack by large fish and sea eagles, behavioural studies have shown that smaller fish species in these bays flee from banded snakes but attack black individuals. As predicted by theory, mimetic (banded) morphs are less common than the cryptically-coloured melanic morph.</p>
Deep structure, long-distance migration and admixture in the colour polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis
<p>While snails of the genus <em>Cepaea</em> have historically been important in studying colour polymorphism<em> </em>an ongoing issue is that there is a lack of knowledge of the underlying genetics of the polymorphism, as well as an absence of genomic data to put findings in context. We therefore used phylogenomic methods to begin to investigate the post-glacial history of <em>Cepaea nemoralis</em>, with a long-term aim to understand the roles that selection and drift have in determining both European-wide and local patterns of colour polymorphism. By combining prior and new mitochondrial DNA data from over 1500 individuals with ddRAD genomic data from representative individuals across Europe, we show that patterns of differentiation are primarily due to multiple deeply diverged populations of snails. Minimally, there is a widespread Central European population and additional diverged groups in Northern Spain, the Pyrenees, as well as likely Italy and South Eastern Europe. The genomic analysis showed that the present-day snails in Ireland and possibly some other locations are likely descendants of admixture between snails from the Pyrenees and the Central European group, an observation that is consistent with prior inferences from mtDNA alone. The interpretation is that <em>C. nemoralis</em> may have arrived in Ireland via long-distance migration from the Pyrenean region, subsequently admixing with arrivals from elsewhere. This work therefore provides a baseline expectation for future studies on the genetics of the colour polymorphism, as well as providing a comparator for similar species.</p>
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