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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Figure 3 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)

Figure 3. Evolution of embryonic and adult palatal morphology of the ratites (phylogeny sensu Bledsoe, 1988, palaeognathous characters 1–3 sensu Zusi & Livezey, 2006). Top row: adult morphology (Parker, 1869, 1891; Beddard, 1898; Simonetta, 1960; Zusi & Livezey, 2006; Silveira & Höfling, 2007). Bottom row: embryonic morphology. Gallus (Jollie, 1957), Rhea, Apteryx (Parker, 1891), and Dromaius are all stage 37; Struthio (Parker, 1866) is slightly older; Aepyornis (Balanoff & Rowe, 2007) and Eudromia (Tinamidae) are late-stage individuals. The palatine is shaded to facilitate comparison.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Figure 2 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)

Figure 2. Palatal view of selected palaeognath embryos. A, B, Struthio camelus (modified from Parker, 1866). C, Rhea americana, stage 37 (day 17 of incubation, RM 7219). D, Rhea americana (modified from Müller, 1963). E, Dromaius novaehollandiae, stage 37 (day 28 of incubation, RM 8026). F, Eudromia elegans, day 14 of incubation (YPM 112524). Scale bars = 5 mm. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; exo, exoccipital; mx, maxilla; pal, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; psl, parasphenoid lamina; psr, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; v, vomer.

Fig. 9 in Eight Species Of Anuran Amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) Found In Ukraine: Comparative Morphology And Classification Of Larval Development Stages

Fig. 9. The structure of four species' anuran amphibian's sucker at the first stage of development (view from below).

Fig. 6 in Eight Species Of Anuran Amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) Found In Ukraine: Comparative Morphology And Classification Of Larval Development Stages

Fig. 6. Stages characterizing the beginning of metamorphosis: 23 — resorption of the fin's cloacal piece; 24 — front limbs are seen through the skin.

Fig. 5 in Eight Species Of Anuran Amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) Found In Ukraine: Comparative Morphology And Classification Of Larval Development Stages

Fig. 5. Stages defined according to the development of fingers and hind limb joints: 14 — the leg is in the shape of a shovel; 15 — embryos of two fingers; 16 — embryos of three fingers; 17 — embryos of four fingers; 18 — embryos of five fingers; 19 — embryos of three fingers are segregated; 20 — embryos of five fingers

Fig. 4 in Eight Species Of Anuran Amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) Found In Ukraine: Comparative Morphology And Classification Of Larval Development Stages

Fig. 4. Stages defined according to limb bud's length and diameter correlation: 9–l <1/2d; 10–l ≥ 1/2d; 11–l ≥ 1d; 12– l ≥ 11/2d; 13–l = 2d.

Fig. 3 in Eight Species Of Anuran Amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) Found In Ukraine: Comparative Morphology And Classification Of Larval Development Stages

Fig. 3. Stages of operculum's development: 6 — operculum touches the belly skin or accretes it, gills can be seen from both sides; 7 — operculum completely covers gills from one (right) side; 8 — external gills are completely covered by operculum.

Fig. 1 in Eight Species Of Anuran Amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) Found In Ukraine: Comparative Morphology And Classification Of Larval Development Stages

Fig. 1. Stages of external gills' development: 1 — external gills ridges get separated; 2 — gills branches embryos; 3 — emergence of gills filaments on external gills branches (filaments development may vary; operculum has not started developing yet).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Are Neural Bug Detectors Comparable to Software Developers on Variable Misuse Bugs?

Artifact for "Are Neural Bug Detectors Comparable to Software Developers on Variable Misuse Bugs?" Abstract:  Debugging, that is, identifying and fixing bugs in software, is a central part of software development. Developers are therefore often confronted with the task of deciding whether a given code snippet contains a bug, and if yes, where. Recently, data-driven methods have been employed to learn this task of bug detection, resulting (amongst others) in so called neural bug detectors. Neural bug detectors are trained on millions of buggy and correct code snippets. Given the “neural learning” procedure, it seems likely that neu- ral bug detectors – on the specific task of finding bugs – have a performance similar to human software developers. For this work, we set out to substantiate or refute such a hypothesis. We report on the results of an empirical study with over 100 software developers, targeting the comparison of humans and neural bug detectors. As detection task, we chose a specific form of bugs (variable misuse bugs) for which neural bug detectors have recently made significant progress. Our study shows that despite the fact that neural bug detectors see millions of such misuse bugs during training, software developers – when conducting bug detection as a majority decision – are slightly better than neural bug detectors on this class of bugs. Altogether, we find a large overlap in the performance, both for classifying code as buggy and for localizing the buggy line in the code. In comparison to developers, one of the two evaluated neural bug detectors, however, raises a higher number of false alarms in our study. Content: The artifact includes the following components: <ul> <li> Web UI: The developer survey was performed online in the browser of the participants. For this, we created a custom web interface tailored for our study task. We included both the implementation of the frontend (website) and backend implementation (buisness logic and database) in this artifact. Therefore, it is not only possible to replicate our survey with same interface and a new group of participants but it is also possible to extend the interface for future studies.  </li> <li> Neural bug detectors: We evaluate the performance of the developers against two neural bug detectors. In this artifact, we include the bug detectors (implementation + trained models) and the evaluation script used for producing our results. Besides the replication of our bug detector evaluation, the detectors can also be used in future projects for detecting variable misuse bugs in Java methods. </li> <li> Analysis scripts: After collecting the raw results from the developers and neural bug detectors, we performed several analysis to gain insights how developers and bug detectors compare on the variable misuse task. We include all analysis steps in form of Jupyter notebooks in the artifact. With this, it is possible to reproduce all the figures of our paper.  </li> </ul> In addition, we also provide further artifacts that were successfully evaluated at ASE 2022: ASE 2022 Artifact: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6958242">10.5281/zenodo.6958242</a> Virtual machine: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6957849">10.5281/zenodo.6957849</a>

Fig. 5 in Captive management, reproduction, and comparative larval development of Klappenbach's Red-bellied Frog, Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Prigioni and Langone, 2000

Fig. 5. Body size of different test groups. (A) Single tadpole, O‒1, and (B) five tadpoles per box, O‒5, in osmosis water. (C) Single tadpole, P‒1, and (D) five tadpoles per box, P‒5, in pond water.

Fig. 2. Keeping and rearing M in Captive management, reproduction, and comparative larval development of Klappenbach's Red-bellied Frog, Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Prigioni and Langone, 2000

Fig. 2. Keeping and rearing M. klappenbachi. (A) Terrarium of the adult group housing eight specimens. (B) Rearing of the tadpole test groups in a climate chamber.(C) Rearing containers for the young toadlets.

Fig. 1 in Captive management, reproduction, and comparative larval development of Klappenbach's Red-bellied Frog, Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Prigioni and Langone, 2000

Fig. 1. Melanophryniscus klappenbachi. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral view of an adult female. (C) Amplexus.(D) Egg clump attached to moss. (E) Contrasting photo of a tadpole, used for evaluating the growth.

Fig. 4 in Captive management, reproduction, and comparative larval development of Klappenbach's Red-bellied Frog, Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Prigioni and Langone, 2000

Fig. 4. (A) Mortality rate of different test groups until metamorphosis. (B) Average growth rate of the different test groups. (C) Number of tadpoles metamorphosed per day after hatching (O = osmosis water, P = pond water, number indicates individuals per container).

Fig. 3 in Captive management, reproduction, and comparative larval development of Klappenbach's Red-bellied Frog, Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Prigioni and Langone, 2000

Fig. 3. Developing coloration in young toadlets of different ages. (A) Recently metamorphosed toadlet. (B) Ten days after metamorphosis. (C) Twenty-three days after metamorphosis. (D) Two months after metamorphosis.

Fig. 8 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 8. Size comparison of squamosal versus face in Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, subadult MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and MOR 456 8-9-6-1, holotype (B, mirrored); squamosal superimposed in B. C. Outline of MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (red) superimposed over outline of MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (grey). D. Outline of MOR 591 (blue) superimposed over outline of MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (grey). Outlines aligned by otic notch.

Fig. 5 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 5. Lateral views of jugals of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and eucentrosauran (Einiosaurus procurvicornis or Achelousaurus horneri Sampson, 1995), MOR 591 (B, mirrored), from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA. Arrow indicates epijugal.

Fig. 6 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 6. Ontogenetic series of supraorbital ornamentation of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995 from the Campanian Canyon Bonebed, Two Medicine Formation (TM-046), Montana, USA. A, B. Juvenile, MOR 456 8-10-87-20 (A) and MOR 456 8-8-87-19 (B). C, D. Early subadult, MOR 456 8-9-7-3 (C) and MOR 456 2020-C-1 (D). E, F. Late subadult, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (E) and MOR 456 8-23-87 (F). G, H. Young adult, MOR 456 2020-C-2 (G) and MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (H). B and D are mirrored. All specimens in anterior view, lateral is to the right in A–D, G, H; E, entire skull width; F, lateral is to the left.

Fig. 4 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 4. Anterior views of supraorbital ornamentation of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (A) and eucentrosauran Einiosaurus procurvicornis or Achelousaurus horneri Sampson, 1995), MOR 591 (B), from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA.

Fig. 7 in Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana, indicates sequence of ornamentation development and complex supraorbital ontogenetic change

Fig. 7. Ontogenetic series of supraorbital ornamentation of Einiosaurus procurvicornis Sampson, 1995 from the Campanian Canyon Bonebed (TM-046), Montana, USA. A, B. Juvenile, MOR 456 8-10-87-20 (A) and MOR 456 8-8-87-19 (B). C, D. Early subadult, MOR 456 8-9-7-3 (C) and MOR 456 2020- C-1 (D). E, F. Late subadult, MOR 456 8-8-87-1 (E) and MOR 456 8-23-87 (F). G, H. Young adult, MOR 456 2020-C-2 (G) and MOR 456 8-9-6-1 (H). B, D–G are mirrored. All specimens in lateral view, anterior is to the left in all images.