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35 results for “competition exclusion”
Data and code from: The functional form of specialized predation affects whether Janzen-Connell effects can prevent competitive exclusion
<p><span>Janzen</span><span>-</span><span>Connell</span><span> Effects (</span><span>JCEs</span><span>), specialized </span><span>predation</span><span> of seeds and seedlings near </span><span>conspecific</span><span> trees, are hypothesized to maintain species richness. While previous studies show </span><span>JCEs</span><span> can maintain high richness relative to neutral communities, recent theoretical work indicates </span><span>JCEs</span><span> may weakly inhibit competitive exclusion when species exhibit inter-specific fitness variation. However, recent models make somewhat restrictive assumptions about the functional form of specialized </span><span>predation</span><span> -- that </span><span>JCEs</span><span> occur at a fixed rate when offspring are within a fixed distance of a </span><span>conspecific</span><span> tree. Using a theoretical model, I show that the functional form of </span><span>JCEs</span><span> largely impacts their ability to maintain coexistence. If </span><span>predation</span><span> pressure increases </span><span>additively</span><span> with adult tree density and decays exponentially with distance, </span><span>JCEs</span><span> maintain considerably higher species richness than predicted by recent models. Loosely </span><span>parameterizing</span><span> the model with data from a Panamanian tree community, I elucidate the conditions under which </span><span>JCEs</span><span> are capable of maintaining high species richness. </span></p>
Fig. 2 in Growth Rate Modulation Enables Coexistence in a Competitive Exclusion Scenario Between Microbial Eukaryotes
Fig. 2. Growth curves of Arcella intermedia and Pyxidicula operculata in the monospecific culture experiments (three replicates each). Dots represent the raw sampled data; colored intervals represent the 95% credibility intervals of cell counts from the Bayesian model fitting.
Fig. S2 in Growth Rate Modulation Enables Coexistence in a Competitive Exclusion Scenario Between Microbial Eukaryotes
Fig. S2. Posterior distributions of the logistic model parameters. The values of K are in cells cm–2, r = d–1. P is the detection probability. P has a fixed range between 0.9 and 1. Color lines represents each one of the single-species experiments, color legend is in the right corner of the figure. A.intermedia experiments are Arc 1, 2 and 3. P.operculata experiments are Pyx 1, 2 and 3.
Fig. S1 in Growth Rate Modulation Enables Coexistence in a Competitive Exclusion Scenario Between Microbial Eukaryotes
Fig. S1. Overview of data collection design. Microcosms are assembled and sampled by a sub- sampling strategy where the organisms are counted by eye. Model adjustment considers both the system dynamics and the sampling level.
Fig. S4. Growth curves for A.intermedia when started the experiment with a in Growth Rate Modulation Enables Coexistence in a Competitive Exclusion Scenario Between Microbial Eukaryotes
Fig. S4. Growth curves for A.intermedia when started the experiment with a single cell. Color points represents each one of the single-cell experiments, color legend is in the left corner of the figure. Black line correspond to the average growth between experiments.
Fig. S3 in Growth Rate Modulation Enables Coexistence in a Competitive Exclusion Scenario Between Microbial Eukaryotes
Fig. S3. Posterior distributions of the competition model parameters for the species Arcella intermedia (A) and Pyxidicula operculata (P). Each colored line represent one of the replicates of the competition experiment (color legend shown in the last figure). The values of k are in a logarithmic scale of cells cm-2, r are in days–1. aAP is the competition coefficient of the influence of A species on P (Eq. 3), whereas aPA is the competition coefficient of the influence of P on A (Eq. 4).
Fig. 4 in Growth Rate Modulation Enables Coexistence in a Competitive Exclusion Scenario Between Microbial Eukaryotes
Fig. 4. Posterior estimates of the parameters of models fitted to cell counts in each culture. Each panel shows the medians (dots) and 95% credibility intervals (lines) of posterior distributions of one parameter of the models fitted to data from a replicate (seven for the competition cultures in lower part and three for mono-specific cultures in the upper part). In red, estimates for Arcella intermedia and in blue estimates for Pyxidicula operculata. The values of K are in cm–2, r are in days–1. The competition coefficients are α (red) and β (blue) of Eqs. 3–4.
Fig. 1 in Growth Rate Modulation Enables Coexistence in a Competitive Exclusion Scenario Between Microbial Eukaryotes
Fig. 1. Species used in this study. A – Arcella intermedia LEP isolate 6, magnification 630×. B – Pyxidicula operculata LEP isolate 1, magnification 1000×.
Data and code from: The functional form of specialized predation affects whether Janzen-Connell effects can prevent competitive exclusion
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Data from: A case for the "Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule" as a general cause of species turnover along environmental gradients
<p><span>Closely-related, ecologically-similar species often segregate their distributions along environmental gradients of time, space, and resources, but previous research suggests diverse underlying causes. Here, we review reciprocal removal studies in nature that experimentally test the role of interactions among species in determining their turnover along environmental gradients. We find consistent evidence for asymmetric exclusion coupled with differences in environmental tolerance causing the segregation of species pairs, where a dominant species excludes a subordinate from benign regions of the gradient, but is unable to tolerate challenging regions to which the subordinate species is adapted. Subordinate species were consistently smaller and performed better in regions of the gradient typically occupied by the dominant species compared to their native distribution. These results extend previous ideas contrasting competitive ability with adaptation to abiotic stress to include a broader diversity of species interactions (intraguild predation, reproductive interference) and environmental gradients, including gradients of biotic challenge. Collectively, these findings suggest that adaptation to environmental challenge compromises performance in antagonistic interactions with ecologically-similar species. The consistency of this pattern across diverse organisms, environments, and biomes suggests generalizable processes structuring the segregation of ecologically-similar species along disparate environmental gradients, a phenomenon that we propose should be named the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule.</span></p>
The end of the line: Competitive exclusion and the extinction of historical entities
<p><span>Identifying competitive exclusion at the macroevolutionary scale has typically relied on demonstrating a reciprocal, contradictory response by two co-occurring, functionally similar clades. Finding definitive examples of such a response in fossil time-series has proven challenging however, as has controlling for the effects of a changing physical environment. We take a novel approach to this issue by quantifying variation in trait values that capture almost the entirety of function for steam locomotives (SL), a known example of competitive exclusion from material culture, with the goal of identifying patterns suitable for assessing clade replacement in the fossil record. Our analyses find evidence of an immediate, directional response to the first appearance of a direct competitor, with subsequent competitors further reducing the realized niche of SLs, until extinction was the inevitable outcome. These results demonstrate when interspecific competition should lead to extinction and suggest that clade replacement may only occur when niche overlap between an incumbent and its competitors is near absolute and where the incumbent is incapable of transitioning to a new adaptive zone. Our findings provide the basis for a new approach to analyze putative examples of competitive exclusion that is largely free of <em>a priori</em> assumptions.</span></p>
Data from: The Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule explains habitat partitioning among co-occurring species of burying beetles
<p>Habitat partitioning among co-occurring, ecologically similar species is widespread in nature and thought to be an important mechanism for coexistence. The factors that cause habitat partitioning, however, are unknown for most species. We experimentally tested among three alternative hypotheses to explain habitat partitioning among two species of co-occurring burying beetle (<em>Nicrophorus</em>) that occupy forest (<em>N. orbicollis</em>) and wetland (<em>N. hebes</em>) habitats. Captive experiments revealed that the larger <em>N. orbicollis </em>(forest) was consistently dominant to <em>N. hebes </em>(wetland) in competitive interactions for carcasses that they require for reproduction. Transplant enclosure experiments in nature revealed that <em>N. hebes</em> had poor reproductive success whenever the dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> was present. In the absence of <em>N. orbicollis</em>, <em>N. hebes</em> performed as well, or better, in forest versus its typical wetland habitat. In contrast, <em>N. orbicollis </em>performed poorly in wetlands regardless of the presence of <em>N. hebes</em>. These results support the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule where the competitively dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> excludes the subordinate <em>N. hebes</em> from otherwise suitable or preferable forest habitat, while the subordinate <em>N. hebes</em> is uniquely able to tolerate the challenges of breeding in wetlands. Transplant experiments further showed that carcass burial depth – an important trait thought to enhance the competitive ability of the dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> – is costly in wetland habitats. When in the presence of <em>N. hebes, N. orbicollis</em> buried carcasses deeper; deeper burial is thought to provide a competitive advantage in forests, but further compromised the reproductive success of <em>N. orbicollis </em>in wetlands. Overall, results provide evidence that the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule underlies habitat partitioning among ecologically similar species, and that the traits important for competitive dominance in relatively benign environments are costly in more challenging environments, consistent with a trade-off.</p>
Data from: The Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule explains habitat partitioning among co-occurring species of burying beetles
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Shrunk coexistence: Cattle exclusion and nutrient addition intensify competition between native and exotic grasses with low phenological overlap
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Data from: A case for the “Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule” as a general cause of species turnover along environmental gradients
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The end of the line: Competitive exclusion and the extinction of historical entities
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Figure 3 in Phylogeography of Crocidura suaveolens (Mammalia: Soricidae) in Iberia has been shaped by competitive exclusion by C. russula
Figure 3. Median-joining network of cytochrome b clade IV haplotypes of Crocidura suaveolens, coloured according to lineage (A1, red; A2, yellow; B, orange; C1, light green; C2, dark green; C3, light blue; C4, dark blue). The diameter of the circles represents the number of sampled individuals with that haplotype. Black dots indicate unsampled intermediary haplotypes.
Figure 1 in Phylogeography of Crocidura suaveolens (Mammalia: Soricidae) in Iberia has been shaped by competitive exclusion by C. russula
Figure 1. Distribution of clade IV of the Crocidura suaveolens group in western Europe (striped area), showing collection localities (1–18) and localities of downloaded sequences (19–25) (in colour). Localities in close proximity to each other are represented as a single location; see Supporting Information, Tables S1 and S3 for more details. The colours represent the different lineages/sublineages identified in the phylogenetic analyses, which are also separated by thick black lines/dashed lines on the map. Altitude is shown with a greyscale, lower areas with lighter tones and higher areas with darker tones. The distribution of C. russula is also shown with different striped fills. Note that the distribution range of C. suaveolens in western Europe is fragmented only where both species are sympatric.
Data from: Environmental filtering and competitive exclusion drive biodiversity-invasibility relationships in shallow lake plant communities
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Data from: The origin of the serpentine endemic Minuartia laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica by vicariance and competitive exclusion
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