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31 results for “competitive phenotypes”
Data from: An experimental investigation of how intraspecific competition and phenotypic plasticity can promote the evolution of novel, complex phenotypes
<p>Intraspecific competition has long been considered a key driver of evolutionary diversification, but whether it can also promote evolutionary innovation is less clear. We examined the interplay between competition and phenotypic plasticity in fueling the origins of a novel, complex phenotype––a distinctive carnivore morph found in spadefoot toad tadpoles (genus <i>Spea</i>) that specializes on fairy shrimp. We specifically sought to explore the possible origins of this phenotype by providing shrimp to <i>Scaphiopus holbrookii</i> tadpoles (the sister genus to <i>Spea </i>that does not produce carnivores) while subjecting them to competition for their standard diet of detritus. Previous research had shown that this species will eat shrimp when detritus is limited, and that these shrimp-fed individuals produce features that are redolent of a rudimentary <i>Spea </i>carnivore. In this study, we found that: 1) behavioral and morphological plasticity enabled some individuals to expand their diet to include shrimp; 2) there was heritable variation in this plasticity; and 3) individuals received a growth and development benefit by eating shrimp. Thus, novel resource use can arise via plasticity as an adaptive response to intraspecific competition. More generally, our results show how competition and plasticity may interact to pave the way for the evolution of complex, novel phenotypes, such as the distinctive carnivore morph in present-day <i>Spea</i>.</p>
Data from: Pollen competition between morphs in a pollen-color dimorphic herb and the loss of phenotypic polymorphism within populations
Flower color polymorphism is relatively uncommon in natural flowering plants, suggesting that maintenance of different color morphs within populations is difficult. To address the selective mechanisms shaping pollen-color dimorphism, pollinator preferences and reproductive performance were studied over three years in Epimedium pubescens in which some populations had plants with either green or yellow pollen (and anthers). Visitation rate and pollen removal and receipt by the bee pollinator (Andrena emeishanica) did not differ between the two color morphs. Compared to the green morph, siring success of the yellow morph's pollen was lower, but that of mixtures of pollen from green and yellow morphs was lowest. This difference, corresponding to in and ex vivo experiments on pollen performance, indicated that pollen germination, rather than tube growth, of the green morph was higher than that of the yellow morph and was seriously constrained in both morphs if a pollen competitor was present. A rare green morph may invade a yellow-morph population, but the co-existence of pollen color variants is complicated by the reduced siring success of mixed pollinations. Potential pollen competition between morphs may have discouraged the maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations, a cryptic mechanism of competitive exclusion.
Competition for resources can promote the divergence of social learning phenotypes
<p>Social learning occurs when animals acquire knowledge or skills by observing or interacting with others, and is the fundamental building block of culture. Within populations, some individuals use social learning more frequently than others, but why social learning phenotypes differ among individuals is poorly understood. We modelled the evolution of social learning frequency in a system where foragers compete for resources and there are many different foraging options to learn about. Social learning phenotypes diverged when some options offered much better rewards than others and expected rewards changed moderately quickly over time. When options offered similar rewards or when rewards changed slowly, a single social learning phenotype evolved. This held for fixed and simple conditional social learning rules. Sufficiently complex conditional social learning rules prevented the divergence of social learning phenotypes under all conditions. Our results explain how competition can promote the divergence of social learning phenotypes.</p>
Data from: An experimental investigation of how intraspecific competition and phenotypic plasticity can promote the evolution of novel, complex phenotypes
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Data from: Cloacal microbial diversity is associated with competitive phenotypes in socially polyandrous jacanas
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Data from: Pollen competition between morphs in a pollen-color dimorphic herb and the loss of phenotypic polymorphism within populations
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Phenotypic variation of the invasive plant <i>Ageratum conyzoides</i> and analysis of its competitiveness with the co-occurring indigenous species <i>Perilla frutescens</i>
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Data from: No evidence for phenotypic condition-dependent ejaculate allocation in response to sperm competition in a seed beetle
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Data from: Unravelling the impact of domestication on competitive ability in durum wheat: A phenotypic plasticity perspective
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Competition for resources can promote the divergence of social learning phenotypes
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Data from: Intraspecific adaptive radiation: competition, ecological opportunity, and phenotypic diversification within species
Intraspecific variation in resource-use traits can have profound ecological and evolutionary implications. Among the most striking examples are resource polymorphisms, where alternative morphs that utilize different resources evolve within a population. An underappreciated aspect of their evolution is that the same conditions that favor resource polymorphism—competition and ecological opportunity—might foster additional rounds of diversification within already existing morphs. We examined these issues in spadefoot toad tadpoles that develop into either a generalist 'omnivore' or a specialist 'carnivore' morph. Specifically, we assessed the morphological diversity of tadpoles from natural ponds and experimentally induced carnivores reared on alternative diets. We also surveyed natural ponds to determine if the strength of intramorph competition and the diversity and abundance of dietary resources (measures of ecological opportunity) influenced the diversity of within-morph variation. We found that five omnivore and four carnivore types were present in natural ponds; alternative diets led to shape differences, some of which mirrored variation in the wild; and both competition and ecological opportunity were associated with enhanced morphological diversity in natural ponds. Such fine-scale intraspecific variation might represent an underappreciated form of biodiversity and might constitute a crucible of evolutionary innovation and diversification.
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity in genitalia: baculum shape responds to sperm competition risk in house mice
Males are known to adjust their expenditure on testes growth and sperm production in response to sperm competition risk. Genital morphology can also contribute to competitive fertilisation success but whether male genital morphology can respond plastically to the sperm competition environment has received little attention. Here, we exposed male house mice to two different sperm competition environments during their sexual development and quantified phenotypic plasticity in baculum morphology. The sperm competition environment generated plasticity in body growth. Males maturing under sperm competition risk were larger and heavier than males maturing under no sperm competition risk. We used a landmark-based geometric morphometric approach to measure baculum size and shape. Independent of variation in body size, males maintained under risk of sperm competition had a relatively thicker and more distally extended baculum bulb compared with males maintained under no sperm competition risk. Plasticity in baculum shape paralleled evolutionary responses to selection from sperm competition reported in previous studies of house mice. Our findings provide experimental evidence of socially mediated phenotypic plasticity in male genitalia.
Data from: Competitive consequences determined by phenotypic but not genetic distance: a study with asexual Daphnia genotypes
<p><span><span>1. How </span><span>evolutionary relatedness influences the strength of competitive interactions among </span><span>genetically isolated populations has been a long-standing interest in ecology. Darwin's </span><span>"Competition </span><span>R</span><span>elatedness Hypothesis (CRH)" states that, since closely related species should compete more strongly, they are less likely to coexist, while </span><span>Herbert's </span><span>"Bimodal </span><span>Competition Hypothesis (BCH)" predicts that competitive exclusion is less likely to occur when the competing species are genetically close or distant.</span></span></p> <p><span>2. T</span><span>o test these hypotheses,</span><span> we</span><span> experimentally examined the difference in the competitive ability and life tables of fecundity</span><span> </span><span>and survivorship among four different genotypes of </span><span>asexual</span><span> Daphnia cf. pulex </span><span>that diverged from a single ancestral genotype</span><span>.</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>The experiments showed that the competitive consequences differed depending on the pairing of the competing genotypes, and that the degree of the competitive exclusion was lower when the competing genotypes were genetically closer to each other. These results partially supported the BCH but not the CRH at all. More importantly, the degree of competitive exclusion was better predicted by the phenotypic rather than genetic distances between the competing genotypes.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>The life table experiments revealed that competitively inferior genotypes had higher early reproduction rates, but survival rates decreased with age and thus body size, probably a result of selection by predation pressures found in nature.</span></p> <p><span>5. </span><span>These results indicate that competitive superiority is highly dependent on selection pressures that given organisms have been evolutionally subjected to, and, that genetic similarity is not necessarily an appropriate measure for predicting the completive exclusion on an ecological time scale. </span><span>To predict competitive relationships among the organisms, it is essential to comprehend their phenotypic differences rather than simply knowing their genetic or phylogenetic relationships.</span></p>
Metabolic phenotype mediates the outcome of competitive interactions in a response-surface field experiment
<p>Competition and metabolism should be linked. Intraspecific variation in metabolic rates and, hence, resource demands covary with competitive ability. The effects of metabolism on conspecific interactions, however, have mostly been studied under laboratory conditions.<b> </b>We used a trait-specific response-surface design to test for the effects of metabolism on pairwise interactions of the marine colonial invertebrate, <i>Bugula neritina</i> in the field. Specifically, we compared the performance (survival, growth, and reproduction) of focal individuals, both in the presence and absence of a neighbour colony, both of which had their metabolic phenotype characterised.<b> </b>Survival of focal colonies depended on the metabolic phenotype of the neighbouring individual, and on the combination of both the focal and neighbour colony metabolic phenotypes that were present. Surprisingly, we found pervasive effects of neighbour metabolic phenotypes on focal colony growth and reproduction, though the sign and strength of these effects showed strong microenvironmental variability.<b> </b>Overall, we find that the metabolic phenotype changes the strength of competitive interactions, but these effects are highly contingent on local conditions. We suggest future studies explore how variation in metabolic rate affects organisms beyond the focal organism alone, particularly under field conditions.</p>
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity in genitalia: baculum shape responds to sperm competition risk in house mice
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Data from: Direct litter interference and indirect soil competitive effects of two contrasting phenotypes of a spiny legume shrub drive the forb composition of an oromediterranean community
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Data from: Evidence of phenotypic plasticity of penis morphology and delayed reproductive maturation in response to male competition in waterfowl
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Data from: Intraspecific adaptive radiation: competition, ecological opportunity, and phenotypic diversification within species
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Data from: Predators weaken prey intraspecific competition through phenotypic selection
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Data from: Competitive consequences determined by phenotypic but not genetic distance: a study with asexual Daphnia genotypes
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.