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Fig. 4 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 4. (a) Differences in latencY to first orientation towards loudspeakers of male Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) tested at RFAD with plaYbacks of acoustic stimuli built from recordings of natural calls. (b) Differences in latencY to focal males approach within 30 cm of loudspeakers in the same experiments. Values in top-right corner of (b) and (c) correspond to Kruskall-Wallis Test statistics and p-values, assuming Chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom.

Fig. 3 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 3. (a) Waveform (upper graph) and spectrogram (lower graph) of a 14 s bout of advertisement calls of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) recorded near Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil. First three calls are considered warm-up calls, formed by four notes. Remaining calls are formed by six notes. (b) Detailed view of waveform and spectrogram of a single call formed by six notes, originating from the same call bout. Roman numerals correspond to the designation of silent intervals between notes; arabic numerals correspond to the designation of notes (see Table 1 for a description of parameters of notes and silent intervals). Air temperature at the time of recording was 29.0°C.

Fig. 2 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 2. Sample spectrograms of stimuli used in the playback experiments conducted at Reserva Ducke (RFAD), in Manaus, Brazil, from December 2011 to April 2012. The original advertisement calls of A. femoralis males used for the stimuli were recorded in (a) RFAD, Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil in June 2008, by L. K. Erdtmann; (b) Belterra, State of Pará, Brazil, in January 2007, by P. I. Simões; (c) Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil, in March 2009, by A.P. Lima. Air temperature at the time of recording was 24.7 °C, 24.7 °C, 28.6 °C, respectivelY. Advertisement calls were analYZed in Raven 1.2 using Blackmann window, 80% overlapping and a fast Fourier transform with frequency resolution of 80 Hz and 2048 points.

Fig. 1 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 1. (A) Location of the study site and sources of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) acoustic stimuli in the Central Brazilian Amazon. Open triangle: Reserva Ducke (RFAD), north of Manaus, State of Amazonas, where behavioral experiments were conducted. At RFAD A. femoralis males emit advertisement calls formed by four notes. Open dot: Belterra, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males also emit calls formed by four notes. Solid dot: Altamira, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males emit calls formed by six notes. (B) Distribution of the six-note advertisement call phenotype of A. femoralis in the Altamira region (graY dots) and depiction of hYpothesiZed effects of Belo Monte power plant along the area delimited bY a black dashed line in (A). The estimation of impacted areas was adapted from SEVÁ FILHO (2005) and does not depict effects predicted from forest clearing and other human activities around the urban perimeters of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Figure 4. Male genitalia. A–C. Blaptica interior. D–F. B in Morphometrics confirms the conspecific between Blaptica dubia (Serville) and B. interior Hebard (Blattodea: Blaberidae)

Figure 4. Male genitalia. A–C. Blaptica interior. D–F. B. dubia. From left to right, the phallomeres are presented: L2, dorsal view; R, ventral view; L1, dorsal view and clf, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Seedling performance in a dioecious tree species is similar near female and male conspecific adults despite differences in colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

<p>Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) are a key driver of species diversity and composition in plant communities worldwide; however, the factors that may cause feedbacks to vary within species are rarely examined. In dioecious species, the strength of feedbacks may differ near female plants that produce seed versus near male plants (which do not) because repeated inputs of seeds and high seedling densities near females may cause accumulation of host‐specific soil microbes that influence seedling performance. To test whether conspecific seedling performance is reduced near seed‐producing female trees relative to male or heterospecific trees, we conducted shadehouse and field experiments with a dioecious tropical tree species, Virola surinamensis (<em>Myristicaceae</em>), on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The shadehouse experiment isolated the effect of soil microbial communities on seedling growth and allowed us to quantify colonization by mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, while the field experiment allowed us to assess seedling survival and growth in the presence of nearby conspecific adults and seedlings. In both experiments, seedling performance was similar between seedlings grown in the soil microbial communities and field environments underneath female conspecific, male conspecific, and heterospecific trees. However, contrary to expectation, seedling colonization by AM fungi was higher in male conspecific soil microbial communities than in female or heterospecific soil microbial communities at the end of the shadehouse experiment. Together, our experiments show that while differences among female and male plants in dioecious species may influence the association of conspecific seedlings with AM fungi in their soils, this variation does not necessarily translate directly to differences in seedling performance, at least over the time frame of our experiments. Studies of additional dioecious species are needed to help determine differences in soil microbial communities beneath male and female plants and to assess the role of seed input versus adult root systems in driving PSFs.</p>

publicNov 2025View details →

Rivers and roads, silence and songs: female crickets respond similarly to conspecific male song in natural and anthropogenic soundscapes

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publicAug 2023View details →

Seedling performance in a dioecious tree species is similar near female and male conspecific adults despite differences in colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.