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434 results for “conspecifics”
Dissecting the smell of fear from conspecific and heterospecific prey: Investigating the processes that induce anti-predator defenses.
Prey use chemical cues from predation events to obtain information about predation risk to alter their phenotypes. Though we know how many prey respond to predators, we still have a poor understanding of the processes and chemical cues involved during a predation event. We examined how gray treefrog tadpoles (Hyla verisciolor) altered their behavior and morphology when raised with cues from different stages of predator attack, predators fed different amounts of prey, and predators consuming different combinations of treefrog tadpoles or snails (Helisoma trivolvis). We found that starved predators and predators fed snails induced no defensive responses whereas tadpoles exposed to a predator consuming gray treefrogs induced greater hiding, lower activity, and relatively deeper tails. We also found that the tadpoles did not respond to crushed, chewed, or digested conspecifics, but they did respond to consumed (i.e. chewed + digested) conspecifics. When we increased the treefrog biomass consumed by predators, tadpoles frequently increased their defenses when only tadpoles were consumed and always increased their defenses when the total diet biomass was held constant via the inclusion of snails. When predators experienced temporal variation in diet composition, including cues from snails to cause additional digestive cues or chemical noise, there was no effect on tadpole phenotypes. Our results suggest that amphibian prey rely on cues from both chewing and digestion of conspecifics and that the presence of cues from digested heterospecifics play little or no role in adding chemical noise or increased digestive enzymes and by-products that interfere with induced defenses.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Conspecific aggregation mitigation of OA on calcification of the coral Pocillopora verrucosa, JEXBIO 2017
The study was conducted in April 2015 in Moorea, French Polynesia, using colonies of Pocillopora verrucosa (~ 4 cm in planar diameter) collected from the outer reef of the north shore at 10–12 m depth. Corals were collected from multiple sites separated by 100-200 m on the outer reef to maximize the likelihood that the selected coral colonies were genetically unique, and transferred directly to an acclimation tank. The experiment used a sequential design, in which corals first were incubated under 130 ambient or elevated pCO2 in flow-through tanks, and then were incubated in a recirculating flume under the same pCO2 crossed with a contrast of two colony densities (Fig. S1). Two response variables were measured in the light (calcification and net photosynthesis at a single irradiance), two response variables were measured in the dark (aerobic respiration and calcification), and two response variables were calculated from these values (gross 135 photosynthesis, and calcification integrated over 24 h). Aerobic respiration was measured as oxygen uptake, and net photosynthesis was measured as the flux of oxygen at a constant irradiance, and in both cases, oxygen uptake was given a negative notation and oxygen evolution a positive notation; gross photosynthesis was obtained by subtracting respiration from net photosynthesis. Daily calcification was calculated by integrating calcification in the 140 light over 12 h, calcification in the dark over 12 h, and summing the two values assuming each day consisted of 12 h of light at a constant intensity. The six response variables were measured for aggregates of a fixed number (n = 12) of similar-sized colonies placed in the flume in either high or low density arrays. With this design, it was not possible to measure the physiology of individual colonies in each aggregate, and therefore our results describe the 145 performance corals averaged across each aggregate. These data support the publication Evensen & Edmunds, 'Conspecific
Maintenance of a narrow hybrid zone between native and introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) despite conspecificity and high dispersal capabilities
<p>Human-facilitated introductions of nonnative populations can lead to secondary contact between previously allopatric lineages, resulting in either homogenization of the lineages or stable hybrid zones that are maintained by pre-zygotic (e.g., behavioral) or post-zygotic (e.g., reduced hybrid fitness) reproductive barriers. We investigated patterns of gene flow between the native Sacramento Valley red fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes patwin</em>) and an introduced conspecific population of captive-bred (fur-farm) origin in California's Central Valley. Considering their recent divergence (i.e., ~50 kya), we hypothesized that pre-zygotic mechanisms primarily impede gene flow, rather than post-zygotic barriers. Additionally, some genes originating in nonnative foxes may confer higher fitness in the currently human-dominated landscape resulting in selective introgression into the native population. Genetic analysis of 682 red foxes (255 native, 427 nonnative) at both mitochondrial (cytB + Dloop) and nuclear loci (~19,000 SNPs) revealed significantly narrower cline widths than expected under a simulated model of unrestricted gene flow, consistent with the existence of pre- or post-zygotic reproductive barriers. We identified several loci with reduced introgression linked to behavioral divergence in captive bred foxes, which supports pre-zygotic mechanisms as a putative driver of the narrow hybrid zone. Additionally, several loci with elevated gene flow from the nonnative into the native population, were near genes associated with adaptation to human dominated landscapes. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of hybrid zone dynamics in vertebrates, particularly in the context of species introductions and landscape changes, underscoring the importance of considering multiple mechanisms that may be at play in maintaining lineages at both the species and subspecies level.</p>
Fig. 1 in Skin extract from Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) does not promote stress in conspecifics
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the tank used for behavioral analysis of R. quelen, indicating the axes of evaluation of locomotory activity (arrows, "x" and "y") and the location of the aeration stone and placement of alarm substance (*).
Fig. 4 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males
Fig. 4. (a) Differences in latencY to first orientation towards loudspeakers of male Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) tested at RFAD with plaYbacks of acoustic stimuli built from recordings of natural calls. (b) Differences in latencY to focal males approach within 30 cm of loudspeakers in the same experiments. Values in top-right corner of (b) and (c) correspond to Kruskall-Wallis Test statistics and p-values, assuming Chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom.
Fig. 3 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males
Fig. 3. (a) Waveform (upper graph) and spectrogram (lower graph) of a 14 s bout of advertisement calls of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) recorded near Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil. First three calls are considered warm-up calls, formed by four notes. Remaining calls are formed by six notes. (b) Detailed view of waveform and spectrogram of a single call formed by six notes, originating from the same call bout. Roman numerals correspond to the designation of silent intervals between notes; arabic numerals correspond to the designation of notes (see Table 1 for a description of parameters of notes and silent intervals). Air temperature at the time of recording was 29.0°C.
Fig. 2 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males
Fig. 2. Sample spectrograms of stimuli used in the playback experiments conducted at Reserva Ducke (RFAD), in Manaus, Brazil, from December 2011 to April 2012. The original advertisement calls of A. femoralis males used for the stimuli were recorded in (a) RFAD, Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil in June 2008, by L. K. Erdtmann; (b) Belterra, State of Pará, Brazil, in January 2007, by P. I. Simões; (c) Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil, in March 2009, by A.P. Lima. Air temperature at the time of recording was 24.7 °C, 24.7 °C, 28.6 °C, respectivelY. Advertisement calls were analYZed in Raven 1.2 using Blackmann window, 80% overlapping and a fast Fourier transform with frequency resolution of 80 Hz and 2048 points.
Fig. 1 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males
Fig. 1. (A) Location of the study site and sources of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) acoustic stimuli in the Central Brazilian Amazon. Open triangle: Reserva Ducke (RFAD), north of Manaus, State of Amazonas, where behavioral experiments were conducted. At RFAD A. femoralis males emit advertisement calls formed by four notes. Open dot: Belterra, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males also emit calls formed by four notes. Solid dot: Altamira, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males emit calls formed by six notes. (B) Distribution of the six-note advertisement call phenotype of A. femoralis in the Altamira region (graY dots) and depiction of hYpothesiZed effects of Belo Monte power plant along the area delimited bY a black dashed line in (A). The estimation of impacted areas was adapted from SEVÁ FILHO (2005) and does not depict effects predicted from forest clearing and other human activities around the urban perimeters of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu.
Fig. 3 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 3. Percentage of female and male Spodoptera frugiperda that landed on different concentrations of the extract of the sex pheromone septum. No moths landed on the control (methanol). Bars of the same color with different letters indicate that there is a significant difference, n = 20 (χ2; P <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 2. Percentage of female and male Spodoptera frugiperda that landed on the female glandular extract. Bars of different colors with different letters for the same extract concentrations indicate a significant difference, n = 20 (χ2; P <0.05).
Fig. 5 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 5. Genital structure of female Spodoptera frugiperda. (A) Confocal image of the bursa copulatrix, frontal view. View of spermatophores within the corpus bursae (BC = bursa copulatrix; SI = signum; CB = corpus bursae; BA = bursae appendix; OS = ostium (exit); ESD = exit to a seminal duct; AA = anterior apophysis; AN = antrum; BD = bursal duct). (B) Micrograph of bursa copulatrix in zenith angle, observing the length and width measurements of the structure (length = 5.38 mm; width = 2.066 mm). (C) Stereoscopic image presenting a frontal view of the genital structure (S = spermatophores). (D) Micrograph of the terminal abdominal (PVL = postvaginal lamella; AVL = antevaginal lamella; OS = ostium; AP = anal papilla).
Fig. 1 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 1. (A) Virgin female abdomen 3 to 5 d old Spodoptera frugiperda females, black circle is location of sex pheromone gland; (B) sex pheromone-producing gland in female S. frugiperda.
Fig. 4 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 4. Male (white bars) and female (gray bars) Spodoptera frugiperda caught by traps with sex pheromone septa (Q1 <Median <Q3). Different letters for Trap 1, Trap 2, Trap 3, or Trap 4 indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney Test U; n = 34; P <0.05).
Linked collectors and determiners for: Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3">https://bionomia.net/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3">https://gbif.org/dataset/30d7eb1c-d9b1-42af-a499-5b3de8d41be3</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figure 7. A in Morphometrics confirms the conspecific between Blaptica dubia (Serville) and B. interior Hebard (Blattodea: Blaberidae)
Figure 7. A. PCA scatterplot of Blaptica interior (turquoise) and B. dubia (black) wing shape variables. B–C. Deformation grids from the consensus shape for PC1. B. Blaptica interior. C. Blaptica dubia.
Figure 6 in Morphometrics confirms the conspecific between Blaptica dubia (Serville) and B. interior Hebard (Blattodea: Blaberidae)
Figure 6. PCA scatterplot, Blaptica dubia and B. interior pronotum shape variables. A. Males (blue). B. Females (red). Visualization of the pronotal shape variation for each PC1 and PC2 next to the graph.
Figure 3 in Morphometrics confirms the conspecific between Blaptica dubia (Serville) and B. interior Hebard (Blattodea: Blaberidae)
Figure 3. Blaptica dubia (male), position of landmarks on the right wing (dorsal view). Scale bar = 0.5 cm.
Figure 5 in Morphometrics confirms the conspecific between Blaptica dubia (Serville) and B. interior Hebard (Blattodea: Blaberidae)
Figure 5. Male (A–I) and female (J–R) macula pattern variations. A–D, J–M. Blaptica interior. E–I, N–R. Blaptica dubia.
Figure 4. Male genitalia. A–C. Blaptica interior. D–F. B in Morphometrics confirms the conspecific between Blaptica dubia (Serville) and B. interior Hebard (Blattodea: Blaberidae)
Figure 4. Male genitalia. A–C. Blaptica interior. D–F. B. dubia. From left to right, the phallomeres are presented: L2, dorsal view; R, ventral view; L1, dorsal view and clf, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Data for: Effect of heterospecific and conspecific competition on individual differences in tadpole behavior
<p>Repeated social interactions with conspecifics and/or heterospecifics during early development may drive the differentiation of behaviour among individuals. This behavioural differentiation may occur through individuals behaving more different from each other on average and/or individuals behaving more consistently. Competition is a major form of social interaction and its impacts can depend on whether interactions occur between conspecifics or heterospecifics and the directionality of a response could be specific to different behavioural traits. To test this, we reared tungara frog tadpoles (<em>Engystomops pustulosus</em>) either in isolation, with a conspecific tadpole or with an aggressive heterospecific tadpole, the whistling frog tadpole, <em>Leptodactylus fuscus</em>. In each treatment, we measured the body size, activity, exploration and risk taking in the presence of a predator in focal <em>E. pustulosus</em> tadpoles six times during development. We used univariate and multivariate hierarchical mixed effect models to investigate the effect of treatment on mean behaviour and on among individual variance between and within individuals across behavioural traits. There was a strong effect of competition on behaviour, with different population and individual level responses across social treatments. Within their home tank, individuals were more consistent in their movements under conspecific competition but heterospecific competition caused more variance in the average movement among individuals. Behavioural responses were also trait specific as conspecific competition caused greater variability in movements among individuals in a novel environment. The results highlight that the impact of competition on inter-individual differences in behaviour is dependent on competitor species identity and is trait specific. Keywords: animal personality, competition, conspecific, heterospecific, individual differences, variance partitioning.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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