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287 results for “courtship”
Vibroscape analysis reveals acoustic niche overlap and plastic alteration of vibratory courtship signals in ground-dwelling wolf spiders
<p>Soundscape ecology has enabled researchers to investigate natural interactions among biotic and abiotic sounds as well as their influence on local animals. To expand the scope of soundscape ecology to encompass substrate-borne vibrations (i.e. vibroscapes), we developed methods for recording and analyzing sounds produced by ground-dwelling arthropods to characterize the vibroscape of a deciduous forest floor using inexpensive contact microphone arrays followed by automated sound filtering and detection in large audio datasets. Through the collected data, we tested the hypothesis that closely related species of <em>Schizocosa</em> wolf spider partition their acoustic niche. In contrast to previous studies on acoustic niche partitioning, two closely related species - <em>S. stridulans</em> and <em>S. uetzi</em> - showed high acoustic niche overlap across space, time, and/or signal structure. Finally, we examined whether substrate-borne noise, including anthropogenic noise (e.g., airplanes) and heterospecific signals, promotes behavioral plasticity in signaling behavior to reduce the risk of signal interference. We found that all three focal <em>Schizocosa</em> species increased the dominant frequency of their vibratory courtship signals in noisier signaling environments. Also, <em>S. stridulans</em> males displayed increased vibratory signal complexity with an increased abundance of <em>S. uetzi</em>, their sister species with which they are highly overlapped in the acoustic niche.</p>
The yellow gene regulates behavioral plasticity by repressing male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>Seasonal plasticity in male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies is due to variation in levels of the steroid hormone 20E (20-hydroxyecdysone) during pupation. Wet season (WS) males have high levels of 20E and become active courters. Dry season (DS) males, have lower levels of 20E and reduced courtship rates, although WS courtship rates can be achieved if DS male pupae are injected with 20E at 30% of pupation. Here we investigated the genes involved in male courtship plasticity and examine whether 20E plays an organizational role in the pupal brain that later influences the sexual behaviour of adults. We show that DS pupal brains have a 7-fold upregulation of the yellow gene relative to the WS and that knocking out yellow leads to increased male courtship. We find that injecting 20E into DS pupa reduced yellow expression although not significantly. Our results show that yellow is a repressor of the neural circuity for male courtship behaviour in B. anynana. 20E levels experienced during pupation could play an organizational role during pupal brain development by regulating yellow expression, however, other factors might also be involved. Our findings are in striking contrast to Drosophila where yellow is required for male courtship.</p>
Developmental temperature alters the thermal sensitivity of courtship activity and signal-preference relationships, but not mating rates
<p><span>Mating behaviours are susceptible to novel or stressful thermal conditions, particularly for ectothermic organisms. One way to deal with changes in thermal conditions is to exhibit developmental plasticity, whereby the thermal sensitivity of mating behaviours depend on developmental conditions. </span></p> <p><span>We test how developmental temperature affects the thermal sensitivity of courtship behaviour and mating rates, as well as mating signal and preference coupling. </span></p> <p><span>We rear treehoppers under two temperature regimes and then test how a range of ambient temperature affects behaviours involved in the coordination of mating. We also test for sex-specific thermal sensitivity and developmental plasticity.</span></p> <p><span>We find developmental plasticity in the thermal sensitivity of courtship behaviour and mating signals for males. However, we found no developmental plasticity in females, and no change in the thermal sensitivity of mating rates.</span></p> <p><span>We discuss the implications of signal-preference decoupling for sexual selection, how reversible acclimation may drive sex-specific results, and the potential for mismatches between developmental and mating thermal environments under future climate change predictions. </span><span><br></span></p>
FIGURE 5 in Dancing with the devil: courtship behaviour, mating evidences and population structure of the Mobula tarapacana (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae) in a remote archipelago in the Equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ocean
FIGURE 5 | Distinct courtship behaviors of sicklefin devil rays Mobula tarapacana observed in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. A. Female being chased by two males. B. Male overlapping female. C. Male trying to overlap on female. D. Male overlaps the female with two more males chasing. E–F. Sequence of male following female.
FIGURE 3 in Dancing with the devil: courtship behaviour, mating evidences and population structure of the Mobula tarapacana (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae) in a remote archipelago in the Equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ocean
FIGURE 3 | Female (grey) and male (black) Mobula tarapacana size distribution (disk width- DW, in meters) per month, in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), from December 2008 to June 2016. Red dashed line= size at maturity for males (White et al., 2006); blue dashed line= size at maturity for females (Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1988).
Fig. 3 in Pre-courtship behavior and the effect of age on its duration in Diatraea magnifactella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Fig. 3. Analysis of the effect of age on the duration of pre-courtship in Diatraea magnifactella females.
Fig. 1 in Pre-courtship behavior and the effect of age on its duration in Diatraea magnifactella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Fig. 1. Routes and probabilities of the transition between successful steps of pre-courtship behavior in Diatraea magnifactella females (P <0.05; n = 60). The values indicate the probability of the occurrence of the next step.
Figs. 1-3 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 1-3. (1) Javanese Ixora, Ixora javanica, a common garden flowering plant on which Cosmophasis umbratica and many salticids were frequently found; (2) Ixora commonly planted along roads and paths in parks; (3) C. umbratica on a red inflorescences of Ixora.
Figs. 15-16 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 15-16. (15a) Male C. umbratica (facing right) posturing with hunched legs and bent abdomen; (15b) Male C. umbratica (facing onview) with hunched legs and abdomen not bent; (16a-f) Sequence of main events during agonistic interactions between two males: (16a) two males with elevated legs (Position 1); (16b) two males embracing each other (no pushing was observed) with legs I elevated (Position 2), chelicerae opened with fangs pointed downwards (Position 2), palps extended (Position 3), and body raised; (16c) the larger male (right) hooking and pushing the smaller male, with legs IV flexed at femur-patella-tibia such that body is raised, with posterior (abdomen) higher that the anterior (cephalothorax); (16d) the larger male chasing away the decamping male with elevated legs I (Position 2) and extended palps (Position 3); male (in background) in process of decamping; (16e) the larger male lifting up the smaller male after both were engaged in a hook and grapple; (16f-g) after a clash, males tend to quickly extend and retract legs (male in background).
Fig. 7. A in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Fig. 7. A silken nest, consisting of a not so dense silken sheet covering a silken tube spun by male C. umbratica in a petri dish.
Figs. 4-6 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 4-6. (4) Male C. umbratica (front dorsal view), with blue-green (dorsal) and violet iridescence on the sides of femurs of legs I to IV, a line of iridescence on the dorsal abdomen from anterior to posterior, and a white line along each side of abdomen, which were joined at the anterior abdomen but discontinued at the posterior; (5) Female C. umbratica (front dorsal view). Females are generally less iridescent and have a shorter yet plump abdomen as compared to the slim and elongated abdomen of males; (6) The face of a juvenile C. umbratica (6a) lacks white hairs indicating a sexually matured male C. umbratica (6b), and black coloration on the tarsus of a palp (6c), a coloration prominent on an adult male's palps (see Fig. 4).
Figs. 17-24 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore
Figs. 17-24. (17) Male C. umbratica posturing with elevated legs (Position 1) during agonistic interactions with another male (partially hidden); (18) C. umbratica in a hunched position with chelicerae opened and fangs showing a little (Position 1); (19a-d) Sequences before an embrace of two male umbratica, with chelicerae opened in Position 3: (19d) extension of palps (Position 3) were only prominent just before contact; (20) Male C. umbratica (facing right) posturing with flexed up abdomen and extended palps (Position 1); (21) Male C. umbratica with almost fully extended palps contacting substrate; (22) A slightly flexed palps on contact with the surface during agonistic displays. Here the male has a slightly raised and bent abdomen; Copulating position of C. umbratica, with the male's leg II (facing right) going over the female's cephalothorax (facing downwards); (24) Male umbratica (facing on-view) copulating with a female (facing inside). The female's abdomen was rotated about 30˚ and lifted slightly from its
Figure 6 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?
Figure 6. Scatterplot of the first two roots of a discriminant function analysis of nine song features (see text) of Cc5, C. zastrowi, C. lucasina, C. mediterranea and C. agilis. Each data point represents a single individual, coded by taxon.
Figure 2 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?
Figure 2. Oscillograms (volts on y-axis) and sonagrams (Hertz on y-axis) of typical solo (non-dueting) vibrational songs. (A) Cc5, five volleys or shortest repeated units (SRUs); (B) Cc5, detail of a single volley/SRU; (C) C. zastrowi, five volleys or shortest repeated units (SRUs), drawn to same time scale as A. Song features discussed in the text are labeled.
Figure 4 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?
Figure 4. Two key morphological features of lacewing taxa. (A) Fore wing of Cc5 (above) and C. zastrowi (beneath). Note the contrasting perpendicular versus oblique orientation of the Rs-M crossvein in the two taxa. (B) Lateral view of the lip/chin of sternite 8+9 of the male abdominal apex. Letters A–G represent landmarks used to determine relative shapes and sizes of the lip and chin. All specimens of both Cc5 and C. zastrowi showed line segment AB.BC, indicating a relatively broad, protruding lip.
Figure 3 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?
Figure 3. Oscillograms comparing typical heterosexual duets, drawn to the same time scale. (A) Cc5; (B) C. zastrowi. Note the presence of occasional transient volley breaks (arrows) in the songs of both taxa.
Figure 1 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?
Figure 1. Map of Africa and Middle East showing collecting localities of Cc5, C. zastrowi and specimens closely resembling those taxa.
Figure 7 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?
Figure 7. Dorsal view of left half of third-instar larval head capsules. (A)–(C) Cc5 from Eilat, Israel; (D) C. zastrowi from Cedarberg, South Africa. Head markings discussed in the text are labeled. In Cc5, the most common condition for head markings is shown in B.
Figure 5 in Courtship song of the South African lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): evidence for a trans-equatorial geographic range?
Figure 5. Scatterplot of the first two factors of a principal components analysis of 19 song features (see text) of Cc5, C. zastrowi, C. lucasina, C. mediterranea and C. agilis. Each data point represents a single individual, coded by taxon.
Fig. 6 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)
Fig. 6. Male (right) creeps toward female, tapping female's legs I with own legs I, male with extended legs I and extended palps (position 2).
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