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FIGURE 5 in Dancing with the devil: courtship behaviour, mating evidences and population structure of the Mobula tarapacana (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae) in a remote archipelago in the Equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 5 | Distinct courtship behaviors of sicklefin devil rays Mobula tarapacana observed in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. A. Female being chased by two males. B. Male overlapping female. C. Male trying to overlap on female. D. Male overlaps the female with two more males chasing. E–F. Sequence of male following female.

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FIGURE 3 in Dancing with the devil: courtship behaviour, mating evidences and population structure of the Mobula tarapacana (Myliobatiformes: Mobulidae) in a remote archipelago in the Equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 3 | Female (grey) and male (black) Mobula tarapacana size distribution (disk width- DW, in meters) per month, in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), from December 2008 to June 2016. Red dashed line= size at maturity for males (White et al., 2006); blue dashed line= size at maturity for females (Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1988).

Figs. 1-3 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore

Figs. 1-3. (1) Javanese Ixora, Ixora javanica, a common garden flowering plant on which Cosmophasis umbratica and many salticids were frequently found; (2) Ixora commonly planted along roads and paths in parks; (3) C. umbratica on a red inflorescences of Ixora.

Figs. 15-16 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore

Figs. 15-16. (15a) Male C. umbratica (facing right) posturing with hunched legs and bent abdomen; (15b) Male C. umbratica (facing onview) with hunched legs and abdomen not bent; (16a-f) Sequence of main events during agonistic interactions between two males: (16a) two males with elevated legs (Position 1); (16b) two males embracing each other (no pushing was observed) with legs I elevated (Position 2), chelicerae opened with fangs pointed downwards (Position 2), palps extended (Position 3), and body raised; (16c) the larger male (right) hooking and pushing the smaller male, with legs IV flexed at femur-patella-tibia such that body is raised, with posterior (abdomen) higher that the anterior (cephalothorax); (16d) the larger male chasing away the decamping male with elevated legs I (Position 2) and extended palps (Position 3); male (in background) in process of decamping; (16e) the larger male lifting up the smaller male after both were engaged in a hook and grapple; (16f-g) after a clash, males tend to quickly extend and retract legs (male in background).

Fig. 7. A in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore

Fig. 7. A silken nest, consisting of a not so dense silken sheet covering a silken tube spun by male C. umbratica in a petri dish.

Figs. 4-6 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore

Figs. 4-6. (4) Male C. umbratica (front dorsal view), with blue-green (dorsal) and violet iridescence on the sides of femurs of legs I to IV, a line of iridescence on the dorsal abdomen from anterior to posterior, and a white line along each side of abdomen, which were joined at the anterior abdomen but discontinued at the posterior; (5) Female C. umbratica (front dorsal view). Females are generally less iridescent and have a shorter yet plump abdomen as compared to the slim and elongated abdomen of males; (6) The face of a juvenile C. umbratica (6a) lacks white hairs indicating a sexually matured male C. umbratica (6b), and black coloration on the tarsus of a palp (6c), a coloration prominent on an adult male's palps (see Fig. 4).

Figs. 17-24 in Courtship And Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour Of Cosmophasis Umbratica Simon, An Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae) From Singapore

Figs. 17-24. (17) Male C. umbratica posturing with elevated legs (Position 1) during agonistic interactions with another male (partially hidden); (18) C. umbratica in a hunched position with chelicerae opened and fangs showing a little (Position 1); (19a-d) Sequences before an embrace of two male umbratica, with chelicerae opened in Position 3: (19d) extension of palps (Position 3) were only prominent just before contact; (20) Male C. umbratica (facing right) posturing with flexed up abdomen and extended palps (Position 1); (21) Male C. umbratica with almost fully extended palps contacting substrate; (22) A slightly flexed palps on contact with the surface during agonistic displays. Here the male has a slightly raised and bent abdomen; Copulating position of C. umbratica, with the male's leg II (facing right) going over the female's cephalothorax (facing downwards); (24) Male umbratica (facing on-view) copulating with a female (facing inside). The female's abdomen was rotated about 30˚ and lifted slightly from its

Fig. 6 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 6. Male (right) creeps toward female, tapping female's legs I with own legs I, male with extended legs I and extended palps (position 2).

Fig. 11. Male O in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 11. Male O. ichneumon with raised body and slightly flexed up abdomen (ca. 30°), palps in position 1.

Fig. 3 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 3. Male Orsima ichneumon in resting position: (a) with legs I stretched out, abdomen lowered to substrate and palps slightly extended in position 2; (b) with hunched legs I, palps held in front of the cephalothorax.

Fig. 2 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 2. (a) Typical forest edge habitat for Orsima ichneumon; (b) Orsima ichneumon are also found on Clerodendrum villosum, a roadside and forest-edge shrub covered in extra-floral nectaries.

Fig. 10. Two male O in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 10. Two male O. ichneumon engaged in rapid extension and retraction of legs I simultaneously. Male (right) is the process of 'rearing' up with legs (a) still held in front of its face (b) above head, at maximum rearing height.

Fig. 1 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 1. (a) An adult male Orsima ichneumon; (b) an adult female O. ichneumon; (c) a juvenile O. ichneumon.

Fig. 9 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 9. Mount behaviour and copulation (a) Male uses legs I and II to tap female's legs I and II, female assumes hunched legs and lowers cephalothorax to substrate with abdomen tilted higher than cephalothorax, allowing male to walk over her cephalothorax; (b) Male moves to left or right of female's abdomen; (c) Female's abdomen is rotated 30–60° for male to insert palp and copulation occurs.

Fig. 4 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 4 Abdomen positions (a) Male O. ichneumon with extended palps (position 2); opened chelicerae (position 1) and flexed up abdomen (ca. 60°) on edge of leaf in response to a female nearby; (b) Female O. ichneumon with arched legs and flexed abdomen; (c) Male O. ichneumon with abdomen bent right of the sagittal plane, palps (position 1) and chelicerae held closed; (d) Male O. ichneumon displaying during male-male interaction, legs I elevated (position 2) with abdomen flexed up and bent to the left of the sagittal plane.

Fig. 8 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 8. Leg positions. (a) Male O. ichneumon with lowered body to the substrate and extended legs I almost parallel to substrate, palps in position 2; (b) Male O. ichneumon with legs hunched and abdomen almost parallel to the substrate.