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Fig. 4 in Altai Mountains - cradle of hybrids and introgressants: A case study in Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae)

Fig. 4. STRUCTURE results showing the probability of ancestry of each individual (horizontal axis) to each of K = 2 populations (vertical axis) in all the five scenarios. A, Veronica spicata × V. pinnata; B, V. incana and V. longifolia; C, V. longifolia and V. porphyriana; D & E, V. pinnata and V. porphyriana involving putative hybrids of V. ×schmakovii and V. ×sessiliflora. Details of the exact posterior probabilities of each putative hybrid individual and their corresponding parents are given in suppl. Table S3.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

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Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism

The immense concentrations of vertebrate species in tropical mountains remain a prominent but unexplained pattern in biogeography. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that montane biodiversity hotspots result from endemic species aggregating within ecologically stable localities. Here, the persistence of ancient lineages coincides with frequent speciation events, making such areas both 'cradles' (where new species arise) and 'museums' (where old species survive). Although this hypothesis refers to processes operating at the scale of valleys, it remains supported primarily by patterns generated from coarse-scale distribution data. Using high-resolution occurrence and phylogenetic data on Andean hummingbirds, we find that old and young endemic species are not spatially aggregated. The young endemic species tend to have non-overlapping distributions scattered along the Andean treeline, a long and narrow habitat where populations easily become fragmented. By contrast, the old endemic species have more aggregated distributions, but mainly within pockets of cloud forests at lower elevations than the young endemic species. These findings contradict the premise that biogeographical cradles and museums should overlap in valley systems where pockets of stable climate persist through periods of climate change. Instead, Andean biodiversity hotspots may derive from large-scale fluctuating climate complexity in conjunction with local-scale variability in available area and habitat connectivity.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

FIGURE 3. A plaster and burlap cradle containing MOR 1184 in Non-traditional applications of fire in fossil preparation

FIGURE 3. A plaster and burlap cradle containing MOR 1184 being burned away from the entrapped fossil.

Fig. 1. A in Altai Mountains - cradle of hybrids and introgressants: A case study in Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae)

Fig. 1. A, Genetic composition based on K = 5 of first-level STRUCTURE results and number of individuals included from that particular locality. Genetic composition of the localities with more than one individual has been averaged. Key to the colors is given in a separate inset. B–D, Probability of ancestry of each individual (horizontal axis; total 233 individuals) to each of K = 4, 5, 6 populations (vertical axis). The five populations correspond mostly to the morphotypes hypothesized for species and putative hybrids. V. ×alt, V. ×altaica; V. ×gri, V. ×grisea; V. ×kol, V. ×kolyvanensis; V. ×sap, V. ×sapozhnikovii; V. ×sch, V. ×schmakovii; V. ×ses, V. ×sessiliflora; V. ×smi, V. ×smirnovii; V. are, V. arenosa; V. inca, V. incana; V. lon, V. longifolia; V. pinn, V. pinnata; V. porp, V. porphyriana; V. reve, V. reverdattoi; V. saj, V. sajanensis; V. spic, V. spicata; V. spur, V. spuria; V. ×taig, V. ×taigischensis; uniden, unidentified.

Fig. 5 in Altai Mountains - cradle of hybrids and introgressants: A case study in Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae)

Fig. 5. Results of the G-PhoCS analysis for effective population sizes, and gene flow using only pure individuals (no admixture). The inferred current effective population size (Ne) of each species are given for all the five species. The direction of the arrows represents the probability of migration among the species both in forward and reverse directions. The width of the bars represents the effective population size of each species. For population size estimation, we used the equations Ne (effective population size) = θ / 4μg; and T (divergence time) = τ · g / μ; where substitution rate/site/year (μ) = 2.44E-9, generation time for population (g) = 10 years. Migration rates are based on per generation parameter (Msx = msx · θx / 4), which is the proportion of individuals in population x arrived by migration from another population per generation. Gene flow has been calculated using the total migration rate, cases where the total rate is low, it approximates the probability of gene flow between the two species. However, for higher rates, we adjusted probabilities into rates with the equation P = 1 − e−m (where P = the probability of gene flow, e = exponent, and m = total migration rate; following vonHoldt & al., 2016). The phylogenetic tree on which the G-PhoCS analysis has been based is given in suppl. Fig. S2. For complete details, see in Materials and Methods as well as suppl. Tables S4 and S5 for migration rates (msx), τ and θ values, and divergence times.

Fig. 3 in Altai Mountains - cradle of hybrids and introgressants: A case study in Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae)

Fig. 3. Chromosome localization of rDNA and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) in Veronica. Mitotic chromosome complements of: A, V. porphyriana; B, V. ×schmakovii; C, V. spicata; D, V. pinnata; E, V. longifolia; and F, V. incana hybridized with 35S (red fluorescence) and 5S (purple) rDNA probes. G, Mitotic chromosomes of V. ×schmakovii hybridized with gDNA of V. longifolia (red) and V. porphyriana (green). — Chromosomes were counterstained with DAPI. Scale bars, 10 μm.

FIG. 2 in The cradle of giants: insights into the origin of Scherotheca Bouché, 1972 (Lumbricidae, Crassiclitellata) with the descriptions of eight new species from Corsica, France

FIG. 2. — External and internal morphological differences between the newly described species of Corsican Scherotheca Bouché, 1972 and their closest relatives. The three different shades represent absent, slight and moderate pigmentation. Open circles represent structures that only appear in some individuals. Structures shown in light and dark shades (genital papillae, clitellum and tubercula pubertatis) represent the maximum and minimum extension of these characters, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships are the same as those shown in Figure 1.

FIG. 1 in The cradle of giants: insights into the origin of Scherotheca Bouché, 1972 (Lumbricidae, Crassiclitellata) with the descriptions of eight new species from Corsica, France

FIG. 1. — Detail of the phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequence of molecular markers COI, 16S, ND1 and 28S (see full tree in Appendix 3). The species sequenced in this work are shown in bold. Blue branches indicate Corsican species, red branches indicate species from mainland France (and the Hyères archipelago) and green branches indicate Tuscan (Italian) species. Posterior probability support values are shown above the corresponding branches; branch thickness is proportional to branch support. Codes besides species names are their BOLD Sample IDs (only for the species sequenced in this study).

FIG. 4 in The cradle of giants: insights into the origin of Scherotheca Bouché, 1972 (Lumbricidae, Crassiclitellata) with the descriptions of eight new species from Corsica, France

FIG. 4. — Distribution of the genus Scherotheca Bouché, 1972 in Corsica: A, localities documented in this work of the newly described species and other Scherotheca species sampled during this work; B, distribution of Corsican species of Scherotheca and Eumenescolex Qiu & Bouché, 1998 according to Bouché (1972), Qiu & Bouché (1998) and Szederjesi et al. (2021).

FIG. 3 in The cradle of giants: insights into the origin of Scherotheca Bouché, 1972 (Lumbricidae, Crassiclitellata) with the descriptions of eight new species from Corsica, France

FIG. 3. — External morphology of the newly described species of Corsican Scherotheca Bouché, 1972: A, Scherotheca altarocca Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp.; B, Scherotheca marceli Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp.; C, Scherotheca darioi Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp.; D, Scherotheca boccaverghju Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp.; E, Scherotheca qiui Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp.; F, Scherotheca litoralis Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp.; G, Scherotheca capcorsana Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp.; H, Scherotheca mausoleana Marchán, Decäens & Domínguez, n. sp. Left side, lateral view; right side, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

publicAug 2022View details →

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Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2017View details →

Cradles and museums of Antarctic teleost biodiversity

Data and code from Dornburg et al 2017 Cradles and museums of Antarctic teleost biodiversity ~/code R code used to summarize biogeobears result objects ~/D3 Sample input and html code used to generate chord diagrams used in manuscript ~/DNA Sequences DNA sequence data used in this study ~/results summary of output of biogeobears runs used to generate heatmaps ~/trees sample maximum clade credibility tree and the post burn-in posterior distribution of tree topologies and branch lengths

opencc-by-sa-2.5Jan 2019View details →

Cradle Globe (Game Ready / 4K PBR)

Support the Free 3D Model Library for only $1 per month: https://www.patreon.com/meerdigital Check out more cool 3D art from Meerschaum Digital: https://linktr.ee/meerdigital A low poly model of a cradle style globe. This model weighs in at only 7,234 polygons, making it perfect for any real-time applications. A full set of high quality PBR textures were used to detail the model. Features: * Only 7,234 polygons (7,054 quads, 180 tris) * Clean topology; easily subdivide or decimate geometry * High quality textures for PBR workflows (4k Albedo/Color, 4k Normal, 4K Ambient Occlusion, 2k Roughness & 2k Metalness) * Organized, non-overlapping UV Mapping * World scale set to centimeters Cradle Globe, by Daniel R. Strebe, used under CC BY-SA 3.0. Cradle Globe is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 by Meerschaum Digital. Link to license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Link to globe texture: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/American_Polyconic_projection.jpg_ Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

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Carbon footprint of synthetic nitrogen under staple crops: A first cradle-to-grave analysis

More than half of the world's population is nourished by crops fertilized with synthetic nitrogen (N). However, N fertilization is a major source of anthropogenic emissions, augmenting the carbon footprint (CF). To date, no global quantification of the CF induced by N fertilization of the main grain crops has been performed, and quantifications at the national scale have neglected the CO2 assimilated by plants. A first Cradle-Grave life cycle assessment was performed to quantify the CF of the N fertilizers' production, transportation, and application to the field and the uses of the produced biomass in livestock feed, human food, and biofuel production. We quantified direct and indirect inventories emitted or sequestered by the N fertilization of grain crops (wheat, maize, and rice). Grain food produced with N fertilization had a net CF of 7.4 Gt CO2eq. in 2019 after excluding the assimilated C in plant biomass, which accounted for a quarter of the total CF. The Cradle (fertilizer production and transportation), Gate (fertilizer application, and soil and plant systems), and Grave (feed, food, biofuel, and losses) stages contributed to the CF by 2, 11, and 87%, respectively. Although Asia was the top grain producer, North America contributed 38% of the CF due to the greatest CF of the Grave stage (2.5 Gt CO2eq.). The CF of grain crops will increase to 21.2 Gt CO2eq. in 2100, driven by the rise in N fertilization to meet the growing food demand without actions to stop the decline in N use efficiency. To meet the targets of climate change, we introduced an ambitious mitigation strategy, including the improvement of N agronomic efficiency (6% average target for the three crops) and manufacturing technology, reducing food losses, and global conversion to healthy diets, whereby the CF can be reduced to 5.6 Gt CO2eq. in 2100.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Table 2 in Altai Mountains - cradle of hybrids and introgressants: A case study in Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae)

Table 2. Details of AMOVA in each group with different combination without including the putative hybrid.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Source of variation</th><th>Variance components</th><th>Percentage of variation</th><th>Fixation index</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Global AMOVA based on K = 5 results of STRUCTURE including all the putative pure 174 individuals</th><td>Among Species</td><td>14</td><td>16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Within Species</td><td>74</td><td>84</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>88</td><td>100</td><td>F ST: 0.16*</td></tr><tr><th>Hierarchical AMOVA based on K = 5 results of STRUCTURE including all the putative pure 174 individuals</th><td>Among Groups</td><td>7.2</td><td>8.13</td><td>F CT: 0.08*</td></tr><tr><td>Among Species</td><td>7.1</td><td>8.01</td><td>F SC: 0.09*</td></tr><tr><td>Within Species</td><td>74.3</td><td>83.86</td><td>F ST: 0.16*</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>88.6</td><td>100</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>F ST, correlation within populations relative to total; F CT, correlation within groups relative to total; F SC, correlation within populations relative to groups.* P <0.001, 10,000 permutations.

Table 1 in Altai Mountains - cradle of hybrids and introgressants: A case study in Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae)

Table 1. Details of sampled morphotypes and their geographical distribution.<table><tbody><tr><th>Serial no.</th><th>Species</th><th>Distribution</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Number of individuals</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>V. ×altaica</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.9158</td><td>82.3274</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>V. ×grisea</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.6399</td><td>86.3131</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>V. ×kolyvanensis</td><td>Russia</td><td>51.7684</td><td>82.1381</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>V. ×sapozhnikovii</td><td>Mongolia</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>V. ×schmakovii</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.1567</td><td>88.2953</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>V. ×sessiliflora</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.3437</td><td>87.4315</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>V. ×smirnovii</td><td>Mongolia</td><td>46.3533</td><td>91.2095</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>V. arenosa</td><td>Mongolia</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>9a</th><td>V. incana</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.6461</td><td>86.3144</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><th>9b</th><td>V. incana</td><td>Russia</td><td>51.3924</td><td>82.2084</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>V. longifolia</td><td>Russia</td><td>53.3346</td><td>84.2004</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>V. pinnata</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.3501</td><td>87.4125</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><th>12</th><td>V. porphyriana</td><td>Russia</td><td>51.0431</td><td>85.6399</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><th>13</th><td>V. reverdattoi</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.4940</td><td>91.3311</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>14</th><td>V. sajanensis</td><td>Russia</td><td>56.1262</td><td>92.9057</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>15</th><td>V. spicata</td><td>Russia</td><td>50.3605</td><td>82.2448</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><th>16</th><td>V. spuria</td><td>Russia</td><td>51.7684</td><td>82.1381</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><th>17</th><td>V. taigischensis</td><td>Russia</td><td>53.0584</td><td>93.3399</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>TOTAL</th><td>17 morphotypes (10 taxonomically described pure forms; 7 taxonomically described putative hybrids forms; 3 individuals were not identified, they are listed in suppl. Table S1)</td></tr></tbody></table>