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44 results for “crop improvement”
qPCR raw datasets on the assessments of cover crop monocultures and mixtures improving the rhizosphere bacterial abundance and functionality through rerooting
<p>Quantitative PCR (qPCR) raw data includes the source data that corresponds to the the counts of 16S rRNA gene copies per gram of soil for different variations, as discussed in the research article - "Cover crop monocultures and mixtures improve the rhizosphere bacterial abundance and functionality through rerooting". The copy number of the 16S rRNA gene per gram of soil was quantified by SYBR® Green-based qPCR using a 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems™, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Aliquots of the same DNA extract utilized in amplicon sequencing were used in qPCR. Dilutions of template DNA were used to compensate for the effect of PCR inhibitors in the samples. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. A PCR amplicon of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> V3 region was used as standard. Each reaction of 20 µL contained 1 µL of template DNA, the forward primer 341F (Muyzer et al., 1993), the reverse primer 518R (Muyzer et al., 1993), and Luna® Universal qPCR Master Mix (NEB). Reaction conditions were an initial denaturation for 1 min at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 15 s and extension at 60 °C for 30 s. The melting curve was recorded in the temperature range of 60 °C to 95 °C. The 16S rRNA gene copy numbers per gram of soil were calculated using the standard curve method and then normalized against the standard (Adelowo et al., 2018). The average efficiency value was 100.77 ± 3.15 %. The absolute copy numbers for each bacterial phylum were calculated by multiplying the qPCR values by the relative abundance values in percent obtained from the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses.</p>
Corpus and list of keywords from Improving sustainable crop protection using population genetics concepts
<p>Corpus extracted in April 2021 from the ISI Web of Science portal (https://www.webofscience.com) with the following request: ‘Plant AND Resistan* AND Durab*’. A first corpus of 2522 articles was built considering all publication years for this extraction. This collection was then refined by categories to remove articles outwith the scope of our search (e.g. related to durable resistant materials for constructions). We also kept only articles cited at least once. The final corpus was composed of 1783 articles from 1979 to 2021:</p> <ul> <li>CORPUS_plant_resistance_durability.zip</li> </ul> <p>List of keywords used for the network presented in the article:</p> <ul> <li>keywords_list.csv</li> </ul>
Ascorbic Acid Hydrolysate of Kappaphycus alvarezii as an Effective Biostimulant for Growth and Crop Yield Improvement of Hybrid Maize in Vietnam
<p>The study<strong> </strong>researches on plant production with particular attention to the environment. It first mentions the usage of ascorbic acid for depolymerization of carrageenans from dry <em>K. alvarezii</em> biomass, its hydrolysate’ characteristics, and its positive influence on the hybrid maize crop in Vietnam. The study is one of the very fewer studies evaluating the plant-growth promoting activity of oligocarrageenans on maize crops. The results of the study introduce an oligocarrageenans-rich biostimulant prepared by acid hydrolysis of <em>K. alvarezii </em>seaweed in ascorbic acid, and positive impacts of foliar spraying of the hydrolysate (at different Mw of oligocarrageenans and concentrations) on the hybrid maize crop in Vietnam. The application of this product resulted in increases in efficiency of nutrient uptake by the plant, plant height (~20. 6%), and grain yield (by 21.3% over the control). Therefore, it is suitable for application on a large scale agriculture to reduce the chemical fertilizers used</p>
Data from: Winter game crop plots for gamebirds retain hedgerow breeding songbirds in an improved grassland landscape
<p>The cause of recent population declines in some farmland / hedgerow breeding bird species in the UK is related to a lack of cover and food resources in winter. In improved grassland areas some of those declines have been particularly acute and some have been shown to be related to the availability of grass and weed seed in winter. The provision of seed-bearing crops as part of AES options has been shown to benefit some of these birds. Game crop plots sown on shooting estates for holding and driving gamebirds in autumn and winter have been shown to hold relatively high densities of farmland and wood-edge birds during the winter.</p> <p>We studied breeding songbirds in hedges in a primarily improved grassland area in the SW of England where there are some large shooting estates that sow relatively large game crop plots (1 - 5 ha) in the landscape. In this study we found that otherwise similar hedges in terms of size and density near to those winter game crop plots, had between 1.5 and 2 times as many breeding resident songbirds per unit length the following spring compared to hedges further away from game crop plots. This was despite game management in these plots being wound down during February and in many cases, the crops themselves being removed by mid-March. Hedges within approximately 350m from game crop plots had more breeding birds. We discuss possible mechanisms and suggest that some passerines preferentially establish breeding territories in hedges near to game crops in late winter. We suggest how to distribute game crop plots to maximise any benefit in an improved grassland landscape.</p>
Data to support the publication "The Impact of Soil-Improving Cropping Practices on Erosion Rates: A Stakeholder-Oriented Field Experiment Assessment" https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090964
<p>Underlying data of soil measurements and analysis by TUC team for the publication “The Impact of Soil-Improving Cropping Practices on Erosion Rates: A Stakeholder-Oriented Field Experiment Assessment” <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090964">https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090964</a> from the SoilCare project study sites in Crete. </p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>The risk of erosion is particularly high in Mediterranean areas, especially in areas that are subject to a not so effective agricultural management–or with some omissions–, land abandonment or wildfires. Soils on Crete are under imminent threat of desertification, characterized by loss of vegetation, water erosion, and subsequently, loss of soil. Several large-scale studies have estimated average soil erosion on the island between 6 and 8 Mg/ha/year, but more localized investigations assess soil losses one order of magnitude higher. An experiment initiated in 2017, under the framework of the SoilCare H2020 EU project, aimed to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the soil erosion. The experiment was set up in control versus treatment experimental design including different sets of treatments, targeting the most important cultivations on Crete (olive orchards, vineyards, fruit orchards). The minimum-to-no tillage practice was adopted as an erosion mitigation practice for the olive orchard study site, while for the vineyard site, the cover crop practice was used. For the fruit orchard field, the crop-type change procedure (orange to avocado) was used. The experiment demonstrated that soil-improving cropping techniques have an important impact on soil erosion, and as a result, on soil water conservation that is of primary importance, especially for the Mediterranean dry regions. The demonstration of the findings is of practical use to most stakeholders, especially those that live and work with the local land.</p>
Towards identifying industrial crop types and associated agronomies to improve biomass production from marginal lands in Europe
<p>Background: Growing industrial crops on marginal lands has been proposed as a strategy to minimize competition for arable land and food production. In the present study, eight experimental sites in three different climatic zones in Europe (Mediterranean, Atlantic and Continental), seven advanced industrial crop species [giant reed (two clones), miscanthus (<em>M</em>. × <em>giganteus</em> and two new seed-based hybrids), saccharum (one clones), switchgrass (one variety), tall wheatgrass (one variety), industrial hemp (three varieties) and willow (eleven clones)], and six marginality factors alone or in combination (dryness, unfavorable texture, stoniness, shallow soil, topsoil acidity, heavy metal and metalloid contamination) were investigated. At each site, biophysical constraints and low-input management practices were combined with prevailing climatic conditions.</p> <p>Results: The relative yield of a site-specific low-input system compared with the site-specific control was from small to large (i.e., from -99% in industrial hemp in the Mediterranean to +210% in willow in the Continental zone), due to the genotype-by-management interaction along with climatic variation between growing seasons. Genotype selection and improved knowledge on crop response to changing environmental, site-specific biophysical constraint and input application has been detected as key to profitably grow industrial crops on marginal areas.</p> <p>Conclusions: This study may act to provide hints on how to scale-up investigated cropping systems, through low-input practices, under similar environmental and soil conditions tested at each site. However, further attention to detail on the agronomy of early plant development and management in larger multi-year and multi-location field studies with commercially scalable agronomies are needed in order to validate yield performances, and thereby to inform on the best industrial crop options.</p>
Data from: Evaluation of a low-cost staining method for improved visualization of sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) eggs on multiple crop plant species
<p>The sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a damaging insect pest that feeds on hundreds of crop plants. Oviposition rate is a useful metric to screen plants for whitefly resistance. Whitefly eggs are small and translucent, and can therefore be hard to count on the leaves of some crops. In this research, we tested a selective egg staining process on five crop species to determine if egg staining can improve the visualization and quantification of whitefly eggs. By comparing the egg counts before and after staining using two-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (a non-parametric test for paired analyses). Two individuals counted the eggs, and for both these counters we found a significant increase in the number of visible eggs after staining on melon, tomato, and cowpea. This method could be applied to improve phenotyping for whitefly resistance in plant breeding applications.</p>
Selective sweeps identification in distinct groups of cultivated rye (Secale cereale L.) germplasm provides potential candidate genes for crop improvement
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>During domestication and subsequent improvement, plants were subjected to intensive positive selection for desirable traits. Identification of selection targets is important with respect to the future targeted broadening of diversity in breeding programmes. Rye (<em>Secale</em> <em>cereale</em> L.) is a cereal that is closely related to wheat, and it is an important crop in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. The aim of the study was (i) to identify diverse groups of rye accessions based on high-density, genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity within a set of 478 rye accessions, covering a full spectrum of diversity within the genus, from wild accessions to inbred lines used in hybrid breeding, and (ii) to identify selective sweeps in the established groups of cultivated rye germplasm and putative candidate genes targeted by selection. <strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Population structure and genetic diversity analyses based on high-quality SNP (DArTseq) markers revealed the presence of three complexes in the <em>Secale</em> genus: <em>S. sylvestre, S. strictum </em>and<em> S. cereale/vavilovii</em>, a relatively narrow diversity of <em>S. sylvestre</em>, very high diversity of <em>S. strictum</em>, and signatures of strong positive selection in <em>S. vavilovii</em>. Within cultivated ryes, we detected the presence of genetic clusters and the influence of improvement status on the clustering. Rye landraces represent a reservoir of variation for breeding, and especially a distinct group of landraces from Turkey should be of special interest as a source of untapped variation. Selective sweep detection in cultivated accessions identified 133 outlier positions within 13 sweep regions and 170 putative candidate genes related, among others, to response to various environmental stimuli (such as pathogens, drought, cold), plant fertility and reproduction (pollen sperm cell differentiation, pollen maturation, pollen tube growth), and plant growth and biomass production.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>Our study provides valuable information for efficient management of rye germplasm collections, which can help to ensure proper safeguarding of their genetic potential and provides numerous novel candidate genes targeted by selection in cultivated rye for further functional characterisation and allelic diversity studies.</p>
Dataset for "Cover crop inclusion and residue retention improves soybean production and physiology in drought conditions"
<p>Data and code for "Cover crop inclusion and residue retention improves soybean production and physiology in drought conditions"</p> <p><strong>CONTEXT: </strong>Soybean (<em>Glycine max</em> (L.) Merr.) planting has increased in central and western North Dakota despite frequent drought occurrences that limit productivity. Soybean plants need high photosynthetic and transpiration rates to be productive, but they also need high water use efficiency when water is limited. Retaining crop residues and including cover crops in crop rotations are management strategies that could improve soybean drought resilience in the northern Great Plains. </p> <p><strong>OBJECTIVE</strong>: We aimed to examine how a management practice that included cover crops and residue retention impacts agronomic, ecosystem water and carbon dioxide flux, and canopy-scale physiological attributes of soybeans in the northern Great Plains under drought conditions. </p> <p><strong>METHODS</strong>: We compared two soybean fields over two years with business-as-usual and aspirational management that included residue retention and cover crops during a drought year. This comparison was based on yield, aboveground biomass, Phenocam images, and fluxes from eddy covariance and ancillary measurements. These measurements were used to derive meteorological, physical, and physiological attributes with the ‘big leaf’ framework. </p> <p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Soybean yields were 29% higher under drought conditions in the field managed in a system that included cover crops and residue retention. This yield increase was caused by extending the maturity phenophase by 5 days, increasing agronomic and intrinsic water use efficiency by 27% and 33%, respectively, increasing water uptake, and increasing the rubisco-limited photosynthetic capacity (V<sub>cmax25</sub>) by 42%.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> The inclusion of cover crops and residue retention into a cropping system improved soybean productivity because of differences in water use, phenology timing, and photosynthetic capacity.</p> <p><strong>IMPLICATIONS:</strong> These results suggest that farmers can improve soybean productivity and yield stability by incorporating cover crops and residue retention into their management practices because these practices allow soybean plants to shift to a more aggressive water uptake strategy.</p> <p><strong>Code:</strong></p> <p><strong>1_phenocam.rmd: </strong>Code to download Phenocam data and identify phenophase transition dates.</p> <p><strong>2_Daily_CO2_Water_Fluxes.Rmd: </strong>Code to analyze daily carbon and water fluxes (Figure 1, 2 3 and Table 2).</p> <p><strong>3_Inferring_LAI_and_Height.Rmd: </strong>Code to calculate the predicted LAI and height for each day. The output is used in the big-leaf framework.</p> <p><strong>4_Big_Leaf.Rmd: </strong>Code for the big-leaf ecophysiology estimates (Figure 4, 5 and 6; Table 3 and 4).</p> <p><strong>4_Data_Dictionary_Vairables:</strong> Code to identify the data dictionary variables. </p> <p> </p>
Smart orchard design improves crop pollination
<p>1. More sustainable and environmentally-friendly agricultural practices, including ecological intensification, are needed to reduce biodiversity loss and environmental degradation.</p> <p>2. We evaluated the potential of ecological intensification through the enhancement of pollination services in an intensively managed and insect-pollinated crop, <em>Macadamia</em> <em>integrifolia</em>. We compared the effects and importance of agronomic practices that include agronomic input (i.e. irrigation and managed honeybees), orchard design requiring no external inputs (i.e. spatial orchard structure) and landscape factors in ten South African macadamia orchards.</p> <p>3. In comparison to experimental pollinator exclusion, insect pollination increased the initial and final nut set by 304% and 23%, respectively. However, nut set was pollination limited as hand pollination further improved nut set.</p> <p>4. Flower visitation rates increased with the cover of semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape (1km radius). This effect was outperforming the effect of the number of managed honeybee colonies, as agronomic practice.</p> <p>5. Initial nut set increased with orchard design and flower visitation rates. Perpendicular orientation of the planted macadamia rows towards the semi-natural habitats increased initial nut set more than threefold compared to parallel row orientation. The initial nut set was 80% higher at the edge to semi-natural habitats than in the orchard centre. In contrast, agronomic practices, such as irrigation, did not increase initial nut set.</p> <p>6. Final nut set depended on the preconditions of the initial nut set, additionally, high altitudes and the position in the centre of the orchard had positive effects.</p> <p>7. Synthesis and applications. Pollination services were prerequisites for high yields in macadamia and could be improved without further agronomic input. Especially, the orchard design, i.e. spatial arrangement of tree rows and semi-natural habitats at local and landscape scales, was more important to boost insect pollination and the initial development of macadamia nuts than agronomic practices, such as high levels of irrigation. Considering the urgency to reduce the environmental impacts of agricultural production, we highlight the high potential of ecological intensification by a smart orchard design and the restoration and conservation of semi-natural habitats in the orchards and their surrounding landscape.</p>
Data from: Winter game crop plots for gamebirds retain hedgerow breeding songbirds in an improved grassland landscape
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Selective sweeps identification in distinct groups of cultivated rye (Secale cereale L.) germplasm provides potential candidate genes for crop improvement
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Smart orchard design improves crop pollination
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Data from: Evaluation of a low-cost staining method for improved visualization of sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) eggs on multiple crop plant species
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Cover crops improve soil structure and change OC distribution in aggregate fractions
<p>Data set and R script on the statistic evaluation of soil data. The data derived from a long-term field trial at the Asendorf field station 70 km north of Hanover, Germany (49 m above sea level, 52°45′48.4′′N 9°01′24.3′′E). Data include soil data (OC, TN, bulk density, texture) as well as data from soil aggregate fractionation and evaluation of their aggregate stability. All methods and data will be described in an upcoming journal article (DOI will be provided soon).</p>
Combined Biostimulant Applications of Trichoderma spp. with Fatty Acid Mixtures Improve Biocontrol Activity, Horticultural Crop Yield and Nutritional Quality
<p>Raw Data of "Combined Biostimulant Applications of Trichoderma spp. with Fatty Acid Mixtures Improve Biocontrol Activity, Horticultural Crop Yield and Nutritional Quality".</p>
Data from: 42 years of no-tillage and cover cropping improved soil oxygen availability and resilience
<p>Healthy soil air-water balance is critical for crop growth. Conservation agricultural practices improve soil physical properties to influence soil oxygen availability. We evaluated the impact of 42 years of hairy vetch (HV) cover cropping (CC) and no-tillage (NT) on soil oxygen dynamics during a cotton growing season experiencing multiple intensive rain events in silt loam soil. HV and NT treatments exhibited higher growing season soil oxygen availability (<em>p </em>< 0.05), and experienced 3 to 4 times fewer hours of oxygen limitation (i.e., oxygen concentration <10%) as compared to no cover (NC) and conventional tillage (CT) treatments. After heavy rainfall, NT-HV treatment exhibited the highest soil oxygen availability, followed by NT-NC, CT-HV, and CT-NC treatments (<em>p </em>< 0.05). While CC and/or NT treatments quickly regained soil oxygen status within 24 hours after saturating rain events, CT-NC suffered from sub-optimal soil aeration until the third day post-rainfall. The combination of CC with NT practices enhanced soil oxygen availability and resilience to extreme precipitation events.</p>
Data for: Improvements in the Land and Crop Modeling over Flooded Rice Fields by Incorporating the Shallow Paddy Water (Submitting to the Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems)
<p>We incorporated the shallow paddy surface water layer into the Noah-MP land surface model to improve its performance of surface heat fluxes over flooded rice paddies. Field measurements from two crop sites, i.e., SAITO (early rice) and SAGA (late rice), were used to initialize and evaluate the modified Noah-MP model (Maruyama, 2021). Additionally, we investigated the roles of some key parameters in the land and crop modeling. </p> <p>Note that, all numerical experiments in this study were conducted at the field scale using the offline version of Noah-MP (Niu et al., 2011) running within the High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS v3.9; Chen et al., 2007). Please refer to the official HRLDAS/Noah-MP unified Github repository (<a href="https://github.com/NCAR/hrldas">https://github.com/NCAR/hrldas-release</a>) for the original model codes.</p> <p>The related model code modifications and model outputs were included in this dataset. Surface observations for the nearest AMeDAS or meteorological observatory stations were obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency website (<a href="https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html">https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html</a>), and were also provided in this dataset.</p> <p> </p> <p>References</p> <p>Chen, F., Manning, K. W., LeMone, M. A., Trier, S. B., Alfieri, J. G., Roberts, R. D., et al. (2007). Description and evaluation of the characteristics of the NCAR high‐resolution land data assimilation system. <em>Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology</em>, 46(6), 694-713. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2463.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2463.1</a></p> <p>Maruyama, A. (2021). Data for: Coupling land surface and crop models to estimate the effects of changes in the growing season on energy balance and water use of rice paddies (version 2) [Data set]. Mendeley Data. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17632/tv23z95r5g.2">https://doi.org/10.17632/tv23z95r5g.2</a></p> <p>Niu, G., Yang, Z., Mitchell, K., Chen, F., Ek, M., Barlage, M., et al. (2011). The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah‐MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local‐scale measurements. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research, </em>116, D12109. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139</a></p>
Sixty years of crop diversification with perennials improves yields more than no-tillage in Ohio grain cropping systems
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Data from: 42 years of no-tillage and cover cropping improved soil oxygen availability and resilience
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