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Figure 2 in Cicada minimum age tree: Cryptic speciation and exponentially increasing base substitution rates in recent geologic time

Figure 2. Cicada timetree built by BEAST v1.X, applying 1,534 bp COI sequence. OUTs with isolate number: our own analyzed specimens shown in Table 1, and others: from GenBank/DDJB. In outgroup Hemiptera; #: analyzed family by Johnson et al. (2018); % analyzed family by Misof et al. (2014). Inserted figure: Base substitution rate (= rate median shown at each node; substitutions per site per million year; s/s/myr) vs age (= posterior age shown at each node) diagram. Red approximate curve with its formula was drawn by Excel function, with the intersection for the curve = 0.0128 s/s/myr, the rate median shown on Tracer.

Figure 4 in Cicada minimum age tree: Cryptic speciation and exponentially increasing base substitution rates in recent geologic time

Figure 4. Number of base changes of transition and tansversion vs corrected pairwide distance diagram for whole mitochondrial gene.

Figure 1 in Cicada minimum age tree: Cryptic speciation and exponentially increasing base substitution rates in recent geologic time

Figure 1. Simplified cicada timetree built by BEAST v1.X, applying a 1,534 bp in maximum COI sequence. Inserted figure: Base substitution rate (= ratemedian shown at each node; substitutions per siteper millionyear; s/s/ myr) vsage (= posterior age shown at each node) diagram. Red approximate curve with its formula was drawn by an Excel function, with the intersection for the curve = 0.0128 s/s/myr, the rate median shown on Tracer.

Figure 3 in Cicada minimum age tree: Cryptic speciation and exponentially increasing base substitution rates in recent geologic time

Figure 3. Cicada timetree built by BEAST v1.X, applying 1,534 bp COI and 874 bp 18S rRNA sequences. OUTswith isolate number: our own analyzed specimens shown in Table 1, and others: from GenBank/DDJB. In outgroup Hemiptera; #: analyzed family by Johnson et al. (2018); % analyzed family by Misof et al. (2014). Inserted figure: Base substitution rate (= rate median shown at each node; substitutions per site per million year; s/s/myr) vs age (= posterior age shown at each node) diagram. Red approximatecurve with its formulawas drawn by Excel function, with the intersection for the curve = 0.0114 s/s/myr, the rate median shown on Tracer. Note that this rate is a little slower than thatsolely of COI in Figures 1 and 2, reflecting slowerrate of 18S rRNAthan COI (see Osozawa et al. 2017a).

Fig. 9 in Cryptic Speciation And Characteristics Of The Transition Bias Following An Example Of The Cytb Gene In Palearctic Mammals

Fig. 9. Variation of summarized tv/ts-index in micro- (1) and macromammals (2) depending on nucleotide substitution level. Thick lines illustrate exponential approximation.

Fig. 8 in Cryptic Speciation And Characteristics Of The Transition Bias Following An Example Of The Cytb Gene In Palearctic Mammals

Fig. 8. Variation of transition (upper lines) and transversion (lower lines) frequencies accordingly to substitution frequencies level. Think lines are empirical data for each subfamily/family, thick ones — polynomial approximations of averaged data.

Fig. 2 in Cryptic Speciation And Characteristics Of The Transition Bias Following An Example Of The Cytb Gene In Palearctic Mammals

Fig. 2. Average frequencies of nucleotide substitutions frequencies (sub) and its standard errors of the three taxonomical levels in micromammals (black) and macromammals (gray).

T a b l e 1 in Cryptic Speciation And Characteristics Of The Transition Bias Following An Example Of The Cytb Gene In Palearctic Mammals

T a b l e 1. Average (M), sample deviations (SD) of nucleotide substitution, ts/tv and F indexes of different taxonomical levels within 15 Palearctic mammal families/subfamilies

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Data from: Extreme elevational migration spurred cryptic speciation in giant hummingbirds

<p>The eco-evolutionary drivers of species niche expansion or contraction are critical for biodiversity but challenging to infer. Niche expansion may be promoted by local adaptation or constrained by physiological performance trade-offs. For birds, evolutionary shifts in migratory behavior permit broadening of the climatic niche by expansion into varied, seasonal environments. Broader niches can be short-lived if diversifying selection and geography promote speciation and niche subdivision across climatic gradients. To illuminate niche breadth dynamics, we can ask how 'outlier' species defy constraints. Of the 363 hummingbird species, the giant hummingbird (<em>Patagona gigas</em>) has the broadest climatic niche by a large margin. To test the roles of migratory behavior, performance trade-offs, and genetic structure in maintaining its exceptional niche breadth, we studied its movements, respiratory traits, and population genomics. Satellite and light-level geolocator tracks revealed an >8,300-km loop migration over the Central Andean Plateau. This migration included a three-week, ~4,100 m ascent punctuated by upward bursts and pauses, resembling the acclimatization routines of human mountain climbers, and accompanied by surging blood-hemoglobin concentrations. Extreme migration was accompanied by deep genomic divergence from high-elevation resident populations, with decisive postzygotic barriers to gene flow. The two forms occur side-by-side but differ almost imperceptibly in size, plumage, and respiratory traits. The high-elevation resident taxon is the world's largest hummingbird, a new species that we describe and name here. The giant hummingbirds demonstrate evolutionary limits on niche breadth: When the ancestral niche expanded due to evolution (or loss) of an extreme migratory behavior, speciation followed.</p>

Figure 7. Hygrobates calliger clade 3 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 7. Hygrobates calliger clade 3 (A-B, ♂ CCDB 38392 D12, Sila, Italy; C-D, ♀ CCDB 38392 A04, Serra San Bruno, Italy): A – posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B – palp, medial view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C – genital field; D – Palp, lateral view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged). Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 6. Hygrobates calliger clade 2 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 6. Hygrobates calliger clade 2 (A-B, ♂ CCDB 38361 C06, Crkvine, Montenegro; C-D, ♀, CCDB 38560 D11, Schwarzwald, Germany): A – Posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B, D – palp, medial view (P-1 lacking in Fig. 6B; inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C – genital field. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 2 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 2. Results of ASAP analysis for COI sequences. (A) Distribution of pairwise differences, (B) Ranked pairwise differences.

Figure 3 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 3. Distribution of investigated clades of the Hygrobates calliger-complex. 1 – H. calliger clade 1; 2 – H. calliger clade 2; 3 – H. calliger clade 3; 4 – H. tyrrhenicus sp. nov.; 5 – H. calliger clade 5; 6 – H. ponticus sp. nov.

Figure 5. Hygrobates calliger clade 1 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 5. Hygrobates calliger clade 1 (D-E, ♂ CCDB 38679 A04, Poseljani, Montenegro. A-C, ♀, Argen, Germany; A-B – CCDB 38560 D02; C – CCDB 38560 D01): A – posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B,E – palp, medial view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C-D – genital field. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 9 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 9. Hygrobates tyrrhenicus sp. nov., ♀ paratype CCDB 38559 A07, Ruisseau de l'Umbert acciu, Corsica: A – posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B – palp, medial view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C – chelicera; C – I-L-4-6. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 5 in Cryptic speciation at organic-rich marine habitats: a new bacteriovore annelid from whale-fall and fish farms in the North-East Atlantic

Figure 5. Vigtorniella spp. Haplotype network of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Each large circle represents a sequence from an individual of Vigtorniella ardabilia that has been collected in Sweden (white) or Norway (grey). Black circles represent V. flokati, collected in the Pacific Ocean, three specimens sampled sharing the same haplotype. Letters in circles, A-G, represent haplotypes of V. ardabilia sampled in this study (Table 1). Each line represents a mutation and small empty circles are inferred haplotypes not present in the current study.

Figure 4 in Cryptic speciation at organic-rich marine habitats: a new bacteriovore annelid from whale-fall and fish farms in the North-East Atlantic

Figure 4. Vigtorniella ardabilia sp. nov., specimen from whale-fall in Sweden, light micrographs: (A) parapodia from mid-body region, (B) detail of neuropodial falcigers, (C) detail of notopodial spine. Scale bar in (A) is 100 Mm, in (B) and (C) 10 Mm.

Figure 3 in Cryptic speciation at organic-rich marine habitats: a new bacteriovore annelid from whale-fall and fish farms in the North-East Atlantic

Figure 3. Vigtorniella ardabilia sp. nov., specimen from whale-fall in Sweden. SEM micrographs of (A) head region dorsal view, (B) head region ventral view, (C) fine neuropodial falcigers from segment 2, (D) neuropodial falcigers from mid-body region, and (E) notopodial spine. Scale bars in (A) and (B) are 150 Mm, in (C) 7.5 Mm, in (D) 15 Mm and in (E) 6 Mm.

Figure 2 in Cryptic speciation at organic-rich marine habitats: a new bacteriovore annelid from whale-fall and fish farms in the North-East Atlantic

Figure 2. Vigtorniella ardabilia sp. nov., live photo of specimen from whale-fall in Sweden. The worm is 6 mm long.

Figure 6 in High molecular and phenotypic diversity in the Merodon avidus complex (Diptera, Syrphidae): cryptic speciation in a diverse insect taxon

Figure 6. Scatterplot of individual scores from the canonical variate analysis (CVA) of female specimens of: A, sympatric populations of Merodon avidus A and M. avidus B from Dubašnica Mt (ADUB, BDUB) and Greece (AGRE, BGRE) (Wilks' L = 0.003; F(48,30) = 3.64; P <0.001); B, allopatric populations of M. avidus A from FYR MACEDONIA (AMKD), Morinj (AMOR), and the Pannonian region (APAN) (Wilks' L = 0.09; F(32,48) = 3.59; P <0.0001); C, allopatric populations of M. avidus B from Durmitor Mt (BDUR), Stara Mt (BSPL), Kopaonik Mt (BKOP), and FYR MACEDONIA (BMKD) (Wilks' L = 0.36; F(32,32) = 0.66; P <0.879); D, allopatric populations of M. avidus A and M. avidus B (Wilks' L = 0.09; F(80,245) = 1.94; P <0.0001). The amount of variation explained by each canonical axis is in parentheses.