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196 results for “cuticular”
Fig.ç3.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs. A, B, Paratype, female (ZIHU 3983); C–E, paratype, male (ZIHU 3982). A, General habitus, lateral view; B, neck and segments 1–4, lateral view; C, enlargement of segment 7, lateral view; D, enlargement of segment 9, lateral view; E, enlargement of segments 10 and 11, lateroventral view. Abbreviations: ch, cuticular hair; dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; pf, pectinate fringe; po, pore; ps1, penile spine 1; ps2, penile spine 2; ps3, penile spine 3; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate; ss, sensory spot. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Fig.ç3.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs. A, B, Paratype, female (ZIHU 3983); C–E, paratype, male (ZIHU 3982). A, General habitus, lateral view; B, neck and segments 1–4, lateral view; C, enlargement of segment 7, lateral view; D, enlargement of segment 9, lateral view; E, enlargement of segments 10 and 11, lateroventral view. Abbreviations: ch, cuticular hair; dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; pf, pectinate fringe; po, pore; ps1, penile spine 1; ps2, penile spine 2; ps3, penile spine 3; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate; ss, sensory spot.
Fig. 2 in Variation of cuticular chemical compounds in three species of Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) eusocial wasps
Fig. 2. Relative proportions (A) and numbers in percentage terms (B) of the compounds identified in the three social wasp species of the genus Mischocyttarus: Mischocyttarus consimilis, Mischocyttarus bertonii, and Mischocyttarus latior.
Fig. 1 in Variation of cuticular chemical compounds in three species of Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) eusocial wasps
Fig. 1. Representative chromatograms for three species of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus, indicating the 10 compounds common to all of them. 1 = 3-methyloctadecane; 2 = pentacosane; 3 = heptacosane; 4 = 3-methylheptacosane; 5 = octacosane; 6 = X-methyloctacosane; 7 = 3-methyloctacosane; 8 = nonacosane; 9 = 13-methylnonacosane; 10 = 3-methyltriacontane.
Text-fig. 6. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. a–c, e–g: cuticles of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule, b – detail of (a), notice small white spot at picture center, which could be interpreted as scar of small monocellular trichome; d: conducting strand going to seed scar. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 200 µm (a, c, d, g), 100 µm (e, f). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 6. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. a–c, e–g: cuticles of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule, b – detail of (a), notice small white spot at picture center, which could be interpreted as scar of small monocellular trichome; d: conducting strand going to seed scar. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 200 µm (a, c, d, g), 100 µm (e, f).
Text-fig. 5. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a–d: epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 100 µm (a, c, d), 50 µm (b). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 5. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a–d: epidermal-cuticular structure of upper surface of seed-bearing capsule. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 100 µm (a, c, d), 50 µm (b).
Effects of genotype and host environment on the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Lysiphlebus parasitoids and aggression by aphid-tending ants
Parasitoids in the genus Lysiphlebus specialize on ant-tended aphids and have previously been reported to mimic the CHC profiles of their aphid hosts to avoid detection by ants. However, the precise mechanisms that mediate reduced ant aggression toward Lysiphlebus spp. are not known, nor is it clear whether such mechanisms are broadly effective or specialized to particular aphid hosts. Here we explore the effects of wasp genotype and host environment on Lysiphlebus cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles and ant aggression. Rearing asexual Lysiphlebus lines in different host aphid environments revealed effects of both wasp line and aphid host on wasp CHCs. However, variation in genotype and host affected different features of the CHC profile, with wasp genotype explaining most variation in linear and long-chain methyl alkanes, while aphid host environment primarily influenced short-chain methyl alkanes. Subsequent behavioral experiments revealed no effects of host environment on ant aggression, but stronger evidence for genotypic effects. The presence of genotypic variation in experienced ant aggression and relevant chemical traits is particularly relevant in light of recent evidence for genetic divergence among Lysiphlebus parasitoids collected from different aphid hosts.
Effects of genotype and host environment on the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Lysiphlebus parasitoids and aggression by aphid-tending ants
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Data from: The evolution of sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons in blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)Cuticular hydrocarbons of Australian Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
<p>Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are organic compounds found on the cuticles of all insects which can act as close-contact pheromones, while also providing a hydrophobic barrier to water loss. Given their widespread importance in sexual behaviour and survival, CHCs have likely contributed heavily to the adaptation and speciation of insects. Despite this, the patterns and mechanisms of their diversification have been studied in very few taxa. This dataset constitutes the first of CHCs in Australian <em>Chrysomya </em>blowflies. The data demonstrate that blowflies express an exceptional diversity of CHCs, which have diversified in a non-phylogenetic and punctuated manner, are species-specific, and sexually dimorphic. </p>
Disentangling the assembly mechanisms of ant cuticular bacterial communities of two Amazonian ant species sharing a common arboreal nest
<p>Bacteria living on the cuticle of ants are generally studied for their protective role against pathogens, especially in the clade of fungus-growing ants. However, little is known of the diversity of cuticular bacteria in other ant host species, as well as of the mechanisms leading to the composition of these communities. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to study the influence of host species, species interactions, and the pool of bacteria from the environment on the assembly of cuticular bacterial communities on two phylogenetically distant Amazonian ant species that frequently nest together inside the roots system of epiphytic plant<i>s</i>, <i>Camponotus femoratus</i> and <i>Crematogaster levior</i>. Our results show that 1) the vast majority of the bacterial community on the cuticle is shared with the nest, suggesting that most bacteria on the cuticle are acquired through environmental acquisition, 2) 5.2% and 2.0% OTUs are respectively specific to <i>Camponotus femoratus</i> and <i>Crematogaster levior</i>, likely representing their respective core cuticular bacterial community, and 3) 3.6% of OTUs are shared between the two ant species. Additionally, mass spectrometry metabolomics analysis of metabolites on the cuticle of ants, which excludes the detection of cuticular hydrocarbons produced by the host, were conducted to evaluate correlations among bacterial OTUs and m/z ion mass. Although some positive and negative correlations are found, the cuticular chemical composition was weakly species specific which supports that cuticular bacterial communities are prominently environmentally acquired. Overall, our results suggest that the environment is the dominant source of bacteria found on the cuticle of ants.</p>
Data from: Acclimation in ants: Interference of communication and waterproofing through cuticular hydrocarbons in a multifunctional trait
<p>Organismal traits may experience conflicting selection pressures if they fulfil different functions simultaneously. This can require trade-offs between functions or alternatively functional separation between elements of the trait.</p> <p>An important multifunctional trait in insects is the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHCs) layer. CHCs cover the body of nearly all insects, protect against desiccation and serve as a communication signal. In social insects like ants, they provide cues for nestmate recognition. To maintain their waterproofing function, insects have to adjust CHC composition to current temperatures. These changes might affect information content and interfere with communication, which would be especially detrimental in social insects.</p> <p>Here, we studied how acclimation affects nestmate recognition in two sister species of the ant genus <em>Lasius</em>. Colony fragments were exposed to three climate regimes. We analysed behaviour towards same and differently acclimated conspecifics, and determined which CHCs were related to acclimatory changes, colony differences, and inter-individual aggression.</p> <p>Differential acclimation led to higher aggression and chemical distances among former nestmates. We identified small CHC subsets, which only differed among colonies or among acclimation treatments. Moreover, few compounds sufficed to explain inter-individual aggression, suggesting that ants do not use the entire CHC profile for nestmate recognition and that colony identity is encoded in a redundant way.</p> <p>Across individual CHCs, their contribution to colony differences and to differences among acclimatory treatments was negatively correlated, indicating that there is some degree of functional separation. However, CHC classes could not be clearly assigned to one or another function, indicating that the role of each CHC is idiosyncratic and may differ among species. Acclimatory effects and colony differences were more independent from each other in <em>L. platythorax </em>than in <em>L. niger</em>, indicating that functional separation can differ even among sister species.</p> <p>Our results show that CHC functions are more intertwined than previously assumed, suggesting that insects cannot optimise all functions independently. The main constraint might be the need to maintain a certain phase behaviour of the CHC layer, which depends on CHC composition and affects functionality. The need to separate functions might depend on species-specific ecological and life-history parameters.</p>
Data from: Why do ants differ in acclimatory ability? Biophysical mechanisms behind cuticular hydrocarbon acclimation across species
Maintaining water balance is vital for terrestrial organisms. Insects protect themselves against desiccation via cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). CHC layers are complex mixtures of solid and liquid hydrocarbons, with a surprisingly diverse composition across species. This variation may translate to differential phase behaviour, and hence varying waterproofing capacity. This is especially relevant when temperatures change, which requires acclimatory CHC changes to maintain waterproofing. Nevertheless, the physical consequences of CHC variation are still little understood. We studied acclimatory responses and their consequences for CHC composition, phase behaviour, and drought survival in three congeneric ant species. Colony fragments were kept under cool, warm, and fluctuating temperature regimes. Lasius niger and platythorax, both of which are rich in methyl-branched alkanes, showed largely predictable acclimatory changes of the CHC profile. In both species, warm acclimation increased drought resistance. Warm acclimation increased the proportion of solid compounds in L. niger but not in L. platythorax. In both species, the CHC layer formed a liquid matrix of constantly low viscosity, which contained highly viscous and solid parts. This phase heterogeneity may be adaptive, increasing robustness to temperature fluctuations. In L. brunneus, which is rich in unsaturated hydrocarbons, acclimatory CHC changes were less predictable, and warm acclimation did not enhance drought survival. The CHC layer was more homogenous, but matrix viscosity changed with acclimation. We showed that ant species use different physical mechanisms to enhance waterproofing during acclimation. Hence, the ability to acclimate, and thus climatic niche breadth, may strongly depend on species-specific CHC profile.
Figure 5 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps
Figure 5. Ordering by Detrended Correspondence Analyses (Axes 1 and 2) based on the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the samples of the 3 species whose colonies were nested in two types of environments. The points on Axis 1, between 0 and 50 on the left, represent compounds more characteristic of samples from more anthropized environments and between 100 and 150 on the right, from less anthropized environments.
Figure 4 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps
Figure 4. Similarity dendrogram based on the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the samples of the 3 species whose colonies were nested in two types of environments. Pentagon: more anthropized areas. Star: less anthropized areas.
Figure 3 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps
Figure 3. Bar charts showing the relative abundance and number of compounds belonging to the different classes of cuticular hydrocarbons present in the samples of Polistes versicolor (A), Polybia paulista (B) and Polybia occidentalis (C) whose colonies were nesting in more anthropized environments (black box) and less anthropized (white box). LA = Linear Alkanes, BA = Branched Alkanes, AK = Alkenes, ALD = Alkadienes.
Figure 2 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps
Figure 2. Similarity dendrogram generated based on the percentages of different types of land use in the municipalities where the colonies of the 3 species of social wasps were sampled. Pentagon: more anthropized areas. Star: less anthropized areas. DDS1: Dourados point 1; DDS2: Dourados point 2; IVIN: Ivinhema; MN1: Mundo Novo point 1; MN2: Mundo Novo point 2; PP: Ponta Porã.
Figure 1 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps
Figure 1. Satellite image showing the places in the municipalities where the colonies of the 3 social wasp species were nesting and, the percentages (pie charts) of the different types of land use and occupation (adapted from the IBGE, 2013 definition). Number 1 and 2 indicates the two collection points in the same city.
Figure 3 in Deciphering the chemical phenotype in Atta laevigata (Smith, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A relationship between polymorphism and cuticular hydrocarbons
Figure 3. Similarity dendrogram based on the similarities and dissimilarities of the cuticular chemical compositions of the subcastes of the ant Atta laevigata based on the data obtained by CG-MS.Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient = 0.76.
Figure 1 in Deciphering the chemical phenotype in Atta laevigata (Smith, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A relationship between polymorphism and cuticular hydrocarbons
Figure 1. Percentage abundance (a) and Number of peaks (b) grouped in the different classes of cuticular hydrocarbons of subcastes of workers of Atta laevigata.
Fig. 4 in Chemical cuticular signature of leafcutter ant Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) worker subcastes
Fig. 4. Distribution pattern of four cuticular hydrocarbons among Atta sexdens worker subcastes.
Environmental decomposition of olefinic cuticular hydrocarbons of Periplaneta americana generates a volatile pheromone that guides social behaviour
<p>Once emitted, semiochemicals are exposed to reactive environmental factors that may alter them, thus disrupting chemical communication. Some species, however, might have adapted to detect environmentally mediated breakdown products of their natural chemicals as semiochemicals. We demonstrate that air, water vapour and ultraviolet (UV) radiation break down unsaturated cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), resulting in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In behavioural assays, nymphs strongly avoided aggregating in shelters exposed to the breakdown VOCs from cuticular alkenes. The three treatments (air, water<br> vapour, UV) produced the same VOCs, but at different time-courses and ratios. Fourteen VOCs from UV-exposed CHCs elicited electrophysiological responses in nymph antennae; 10 were identified as 2-nonanone, 1-pentanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, tetradecanal, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid and hexanoic acid. When short-chain fatty acids were tested as a mix and a blend of the alcohols and aldehyde was tested as a second mix, nymphs exhibited no preference for control or treated shelters. However, nymphs avoided shelters that were exposed to VOCs from the complete 10-compound mix. Conditioned shelters (occupied by cockroaches with faeces and CHCs deposited on the shelters), which are normally highly attractive to nymphs, were also avoided after UV exposure, confirming that breakdown products from deposited metabolites, including CHCs,mediate this behaviour. Our results demonstrate that common environmental agents degrade CHCs into behaviourally active volatile compounds that potentially may serve as necromones or epideictic pheromones, mediating group dissolution.</p>
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