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39 results for “desiccation tolerance”
Data from: Geographic variation in adult and embryonic desiccation tolerance in a terrestrial-breeding frog
<p>Intra-specific variation in the ability of individuals to tolerate environmental perturbations is often neglected when considering the impacts of climate change. Yet this information is potentially crucial for mitigating deleterious effects of climate change on threatened species. Here we assessed patterns of intra-specific variation in desiccation tolerance in the frog <i>Pseudophryne guentheri</i>, a terrestrial-breeding species experiencing a drying climate. Adult frogs were collected from six populations across a rainfall gradient and their dehydration and rehydration rates were assessed. We also compared desiccation tolerance of embryos and hatchlings originating from within-population parental crosses from four of the populations. Embryos were reared on soil at three soil-water potentials and their desiccation tolerance was assessed across a range of traits. We found significant and strong patterns of intra-specific variation in almost all traits, both in adults and first-generation offspring. Adult frogs exhibited clinal variation in their water balance responses, with populations from drier sites both dehydrating and rehydrating more slowly compared to frogs from more mesic sites. Similarly, desiccation tolerance of first-generation offspring was significantly greater in populations from xeric sites. Our findings suggest that populations within this species will respond differently to the regional reduction in rainfall predicted by climate change models.</p>
Convergent evolution of desiccation tolerance in grasses
<p>Desiccation tolerance has evolved repeatedly in plants as an adaptation to survive extreme environments. Plants use similar biophysical and cellular mechanisms to survive life without water, but convergence at the molecular, gene, and regulatory levels remains to be tested. Here, we explore the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the recurrent evolution of desiccation tolerance across grasses. We present genomes of three resurrection grasses native Sub-Saharan Africa. We leveraged comparative genomic and transcriptomic approaches to identify patterns of convergence and divergence across these species. <strong></strong>We observed substantial overlap in gene duplication and expression associated with desiccation, and syntenic genes of shared origin are activated across species, indicative of parallel evolution. In other cases, similar metabolic pathways are induced, but using different gene sets, pointing towards phenotypic convergence. Species-specific mechanisms supplement these shared core mechanisms, underlining the complexity and diversity of evolutionary adaptations. Our findings provide insight into the evolutionary processes driving desiccation tolerance and highlight the roles of parallel mutation and complementary pathway adaptation in response to environmental challenges.</p>
Data from: Geographic variation in adult and embryonic desiccation tolerance in a terrestrial-breeding frog
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Convergent evolution of desiccation tolerance in grasses
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Data from: Evidence for the evolution of thermal tolerance but not desiccation tolerance in response to hotter, drier city conditions in a cosmopolitan, terrestrial isopod
<p>Cities are often hotter and drier compared with nearby undeveloped areas, but how organisms respond to these multifarious stressors associated with urban heat islands is largely unknown. Terrestrial isopods are especially susceptible to temperature and aridity stress as they have retained highly permeable gills from their aquatic ancestors. We performed a two‐temperature common garden experiment with urban and rural populations of the terrestrial isopod, <i>Oniscus asellus </i>, to uncover evidence for plastic and evolutionary responses to urban heat islands. We focused on physiological tolerance traits including tolerance of heat, cold and desiccation. We also examined body size responses to urban heat islands, as size can modulate physiological tolerances. We found that different mechanisms underlie responses to urban heat islands. While evidence suggests urban isopods may have evolved higher heat tolerance, urban and rural isopods had statistically indistinguishable cold and desiccation tolerances. In both populations, plasticity to warmer rearing temperature diminished cold tolerance. Although field‐collected urban and rural isopods were the same size, rearing temperature positively affected body size. Finally, larger size improved desiccation tolerance, which itself was influenced by rearing temperature. Our study demonstrates how multifarious changes associated with urban heat islands, <i>i.e. </i>heat and aridity, will not necessarily contribute to contemporary evolution in each of the corresponding physiological traits.</p>
Data from: Patterns of genetic variation in desiccation tolerance in embryos of the terrestrial-breeding frog, Pseudophryne guentheri
Environmental change often requires evolutionary responses, and therefore understanding the genetic architecture of susceptible populations is essential for predicting their capacity to respond adaptively. However, quantitative genetic studies are rarely targeted at populations considered vulnerable to such environmental perturbations. Here, we assess the level of heritable variation in the ability of embryos to tolerate desiccation stress in Pseudophryne guentheri, a terrestrial-breeding frog that is currently experiencing a drying climate. We applied a North Carolina II breeding design to identify sources of genetic and environmental variance, and genotype-by-environment interactions (GEIs), underlying the expression of embryo survival, hatching times, hatchling mass, size and shape. Our analysis revealed highly significant effects of water potential and maternal effects on all measured traits, while additive genetic effects were significant for hatchling shape and non-additive effects were observed for embryo survival. Interestingly, GEIs, including for some traits complex three-way sire-by-dam-by-environment interactions, were significant, indicating that progeny from certain male-female crosses were more tolerant to water stress than others. These findings suggest a limited capacity of P. guentheri to respond to a drying climate, but also reveal that the detrimental effects of non-viable male-female crosses (i.e. genetic incompatibility) can be masked in benign environments.
Figure 2 in Tun formation is not a prerequisite for desiccation tolerance in the marine tidal tardigrade Echiniscoides sigismundi
Figure 2. Desiccation tolerance of Echiniscoides sigismundi. Tardigrades were desiccated for a period of 48 hours from seawater (SW) and ultrapurified water (UPW). They were subsequently rehydrated in seawater from the locality and monitored at 5 min, 30 min, 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-rehydration. Mean ƚ SEM activity (N = 6) for SW-dehydrated tardigrades: 4 ƚ 2% (5 min post-rehydration); 56 ƚ 13% (30 min post-rehydration); 74 ƚ 9% (2 h post-rehydration); 99 ƚ 1% (24 h post-rehydration); 95 ƚ 2% (48 h post rehydration). Mean ƚ SEM activity (N = 6) for UPW-dehydrated tardigrades: 2 ƚ 2% (5 min post-rehydration); 19 ƚ 4% (30 min post-rehydration); 30 ƚ 4% (2 h post-rehydration); 99 ƚ 1% (24 h post-rehydration); 92 ƚ 3% (48 h post-rehydration). *Significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between activity of SW- and UPW-desiccated tardigrades, at the given time point.
Figure 1 in Tun formation is not a prerequisite for desiccation tolerance in the marine tidal tardigrade Echiniscoides sigismundi
Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs: A, active hydrated Echiniscoides sigismundi (frontal view); B, tun (dorsal view) formed during dehydration from seawater; C, E. sigismundi dried from ultrapurified water (dorsal view). Scale bars: 20 µm.
Fig. 3 in The phenolic profile extracted from the desiccation-tolerant medicinal shrub Myrothamnus flabellifolia using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents varies according to the solvation conditions
Fig. 3. Heatmap and dendrogram based on Euclidean distance and Ward's clustering algorithm. FSG = fructose–sucrose–glucose; Glu_ChCl = glucose–choline chloride; Pro_Mal = proline–malic acid; Su_Ca = sucrose–citric acid.
Figure 1 in The phenolic profile extracted from the desiccation-tolerant medicinal shrub Myrothamnus flabellifolia using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents varies according to the solvation conditions
Figure 1. Principal component analysis scores plot indicating the sample groupings of the different NaDES extracts. This analysis was based only on the putative phenolic compounds. FSG = fructose–sucrose–glucose; Glu_ChCl = glucose– choline chloride; Pro_Mal = proline–malic acid; Su_Ca = sucrose–citric acid.
Fig. 4 in The phenolic profile extracted from the desiccation-tolerant medicinal shrub Myrothamnus flabellifolia using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents varies according to the solvation conditions
Fig. 4. PCA biplot of the anthocyanins determined by HPLC. FSG = fructose–sucrose–glucose; Glu_ChCl = glucose–choline chloride; Pro_Mal = proline–malic acid; Su_Ca = sucrose–citric acid.
Fig. 5 in The phenolic profile extracted from the desiccation-tolerant medicinal shrub Myrothamnus flabellifolia using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents varies according to the solvation conditions
Fig. 5. Bar plots showing the concentrations of the anthocyanins detected using HPLC in the different NaDES extracts. Values are based on the mean of three replicates. The error bars represent the standard deviation.
Data from: Carbon assimilation and habitat segregation in resurrection plants: a comparison between desiccation- and non-desiccation-tolerant species of Neotropical Velloziaceae (Pandanales)
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Data from: Spatiotemporal dynamics and genome-wide association analysis of desiccation tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Evidence for the evolution of thermal tolerance but not desiccation tolerance in response to hotter, drier city conditions in a cosmopolitan, terrestrial isopod
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Data from: Patterns of genetic variation in desiccation tolerance in embryos of the terrestrial-breeding frog, Pseudophryne guentheri
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Data from: Plasticity for desiccation tolerance across Drosophila species is affected by phylogeny and climate in complex ways
Comparative analyses of ectotherm susceptibility to climate change often focus on thermal extremes, yet responses to aridity may be equally important. Here we focus on plasticity in desiccation resistance, a key trait shaping distributions of Drosophila species and other small ectotherms. We examined the extent to which 32 Drosophila species, varying in their distribution, could increase their desiccation resistance via phenotypic plasticity involving hardening, linking these responses to environment, phylogeny and basal resistance. We found no evidence to support the seasonality hypothesis; species with higher hardening plasticity did not occupy environments with higher and more seasonal precipitation. As basal resistance increased, the capacity of species to respond via phenotypic plasticity decreased, suggesting plastic responses involving hardening may be constrained by basal resistance. Trade-offs between basal desiccation resistance and plasticity were not universal across the phylogeny and tended to occur within specific clades. Phylogeny, environment and trade-offs all helped to explain variation in plasticity for desiccation resistance but in complex ways. These findings suggest some species have the ability to counter dry periods through plastic responses, whereas others do not; and this ability will depend to some extent on a species' placement within a phylogeny, along with its basal level of resistance.
Desiccation tolerance of Cissus quadrangularis assessed in a greenhouse experiment
<p>Cissus quadrangularis is a succulent vine that degrades forests where it is not native by growing over trees and causing them to break or by impeding regeneration. Methods for its control have been tried but no satisfactory approach has been found yet. Thus, we carried out an experiment to analyze how much desiccation Cissus can endure before losing its ability to grow when rehydrated, using fragments of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 internodes to test if desiccation tolerance was affected by fragment length. Additionally, we tested whether chemical treatment to break down the cuticle facilitated desiccation. We found out that Cissus remains viable after losing up to 80% of its weight, with shorter fragments losing viability at 70% weight loss. Acetone treatment did not accelerate desiccation time. Cissus has a remarkable tolerance to desiccation. Therefore, management strategies should ensure complete desiccation of Cissus fragments to prevent its regrowth. Reducing fragments to smaller sizes could amplify the effectiveness of control measures, but risks of increasing propagule numbers should be considered.</p>
Data from: The chicken or the egg? Adaptation to desiccation and salinity tolerance in a lineage of water beetles
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Data from: Plasticity for desiccation tolerance across Drosophila species is affected by phylogeny and climate in complex ways
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