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46 results for “detritivore”
Figure 2 in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 2. Consumption rates of three different isopod species with two different food sources in three different treatments (access, removal and net). The values are mean ± SE and the numbers on top indicate the sample for each index
Figure 1. Experimental units for feeding rates tests with terrestrial isopods and fecal pellets from different food sources. A in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 1. Experimental units for feeding rates tests with terrestrial isopods and fecal pellets from different food sources. A) Treatment access; coprophagy is allowed. B) Treatment removal; coprophagy and bacterial activity on feces are avoided. C) Treatment net; coprophagy is avoided and bacterial activity on feces allowed. D) Fecal pellet from carrot (left) and decomposing leaf (right) consumption.
Figure 4 in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 4. Growth rate of isopods in three different treatments. A. Growth rate of Atlantoscia floridana. B. Growth rate of Balloniscus glaber and Armadillidium vulgare. The values are mean ± SE and the numbers on top indicate the sample number for each index.
Figure 3 in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 3. Assimilation efficiency of isopods fed on two different leaves in treatments access, removal and net. The values are mean ± SE and the numbers on top indicate the sample number for each index
Energetic mismatch induced by warming decreases leaf litter decomposition by aquatic detritivores
<p>1. The balance of energetic losses and gains is of paramount importance for understanding and predicting the persistence of populations and ecosystem processes in a rapidly changing world. Previous studies suggested that metabolic rate often increases faster with warming than resource ingestion rate, leading to an energetic mismatch at high temperature. However, little is known about the ecological consequences of this energetic mismatch for population demography and ecosystem functions.</p> <p>2. Here, we combined laboratory experiments and modeling to investigate the energetic balance of a stream detritivore (Gammarus fossarum) along a temperature gradient and the consequences for detritivore populations and organic matter decomposition.</p> <p>3. We experimentally measured the energetic losses (metabolic rate) and supplies (ingestion rate) of Gammarus and we modeled the impact of rising temperatures and changes in Gammarus body size induced by warming on population dynamics and benthic organic matter dynamics in freshwater systems.</p> <p>4. Our experimental results indicated an energetic mismatch in a Gammarus population where losses via metabolic rate increase faster than supplies via food ingestion with warming, which translated in a decrease of energetic efficiency with temperature rising from 5 to 20 °C. Moreover, our consumer-resource model predicts a decrease in the biomass of Gammarus population with warming, associated with lower maximum abundances and steeper abundance decreases after biomass annual peaks. These changes resulted in a decrease of leaf litter decomposition rate and thus longer persistence of leaf litter standing stock over years in the simulations. In addition, Gammarus body size reductions led to shorter persistence for both leaf litter and Gammarus biomasses at low temperature and the opposite trend at high temperature, revealing that body size reduction was weakening the effect of temperature on resource and consumer persistence.</p> <p>5. Our model contributes to identifying the mechanisms that explain how thermal effects at the level of individuals may cascade through trophic interactions and influence important ecosystem processes. Considering the balance of physiological processes is crucial to improve our ability to predict the impact of climate change on carbon stocks and ecosystem functions.</p>
Changes in salt marsh detritivore identity influences on ecosystem multifunctionality
<p>Ecosystems world-wide experience changes in species composition in response to natural and anthropogenic changes in environmental conditions. Research to date has greatly improved our understanding of how species affect focal ecosystem functions. However, because measurements of multiple ecosystem functions have not been consistently justified for any given trophic group, it is unclear whether interpretations of research syntheses adequately reflect the contributions of consumers to ecosystems. Using model communities assembled in experimental microcosms, we examined the relationship between four numerically dominant detritivore species and six ecosystem functions that underpin fundamental aspects of carbon and nitrogen cycling above- and below-ground. We tested whether ecosystem responses to changes in detritivore identity depended upon species trait dissimilarity, food web compartment (aboveground, belowground, mixed), or number of responses considered (one to six). We found little influence of detritivore species identity on brown (i.e. soil-based) processes. Only one of four detritivore species uniquely influenced decomposition, and detritivore species did not vary in their influence on soil nitrogen pools (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), or root biomass. However, changes in detritivore identity influenced multiple aboveground ecosystem functions. That is, by serving as prey, ecosystem engineers, and occasionally also as herbivores as well as detritivores, these species altered the strength of aboveground predator-herbivore interactions and plant-shoot biomass. Yet, dissimilarity of detritivore functional traits was not associated with dissimilarity of ecosystem functioning. These results serve as an important reminder that consumers influence ecosystem processes via multiple energy channels and that food web interactions set important context for consumer-mediated effects on multiple ecosystem functions. Given that species are being lost, gained, and redistributed at unprecedented rates, we can anticipate that changes in species identity will have additional ecosystem consequences beyond those predicted by species' primary functional role.</p>
Energetic mismatch induced by warming decreases leaf litter decomposition by aquatic detritivores
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Changes in salt marsh detritivore identity influences on ecosystem multifunctionality
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SBC LTER: Beach: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning - sandy beach detritivore kelp consumption rates
These data describe the consumption rates of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) wrack by sandy beach detritivore species common to beaches in the Santa Barbara Channel during a laboratory experiment in August 2016. Species included Megalorchestia minor, Megalorchestia benedicti, Megalorchestia corniculata, Megalorchestia californiana, Phaleria rotundata, and Alloniscus perconvexus. The data file includes the mass of dry kelp consumed per day per individual, the mass of dry kelp consumed per day, and the total mass of dry kelp consumed over the 3-day experiment. There were 12 individuals per treatment and the kelp tissue was measured at the beginning and the end of the 3-night experiment. Consumption rates given here have been corrected for non-consumptive mass loss determined by control treatments with no consumers (4.0 ± 1.5% dry mass or 6.0 ± 2.5 mg).
Data from: Burrowing detritivores regulate nutrient cycling in a desert ecosystem
Nutrient cycling in most terrestrial ecosystems is thought to be controlled by moisture-dependent decomposer activity. In arid ecosystems, plant litter cycling exceeds rates predicted based on precipitation amounts, suggesting that additional factors are involved in these systems. Attempts to reveal these factors have predominantly focused on abiotic degradation, precipitation frequency, soil-litter mixing, and alternative moisture sources. Our aim was to explore an additional hypothesis that macro-detritivores control litter cycling in deserts. We quantified the role different organisms play in clearing plant detritus from the desert surface, using litter-baskets with different mesh sizes that allow selective entry of micro-, meso- or macro-fauna. We also measured soil nutrient concentrations in increasing distances from the burrows of a highly abundant macro-detritivore, the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri, in the field and in laboratory microcosms. Macro-detritivores controlled the clearing of plant litter in our field site. The highest rates of litter removal were measured during the hot and dry summer when isopod activity peaks and microbial activity is minimal. We also found substantial enrichment of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous in the vicinity of isopod burrows. We conclude that burrowing macro-detritivores are important regulators of litter cycling in this arid ecosystem, providing a plausible general mechanism that explains the unexpectedly high rates of plant-litter cycling in deserts.
Data from: Detrital nutrient content and leaf species differentially affect growth and nutritional regulation of detritivores
Resource nutrient content and identity are common bottom-up controls on organismal growth and nutritional regulation. One framework to study these factors, ecological stoichiometry theory, predicts that elevated resource nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents enhance organism growth by alleviating constraints on N and P acquisition. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this response – including whether responses depend on resource identity – remain poorly understood. In this study, we tested roles of detrital N and P contents and identity (leaf species) in constraining growth of aquatic invertebrate detritivores. We synthesized results from seven detritivore species fed wide nutrient gradients of oak and maple detritus in the laboratory. Across detritivore taxa, we used a meta-analytic approach quantifying effects of detrital leaf species and N and P contents on growth, consumption, and N- and P-specific assimilation and growth efficiencies. Detritivore growth rates increased on higher-N and P detritus and on oak compared to maple detritus. Notably, the mechanisms of improved growth differed between the responses to detrital nutrients versus leaf species, with the former driven by greater consumption rates despite lower assimilation efficiencies on higher-nutrient detritus, and the latter driven by improved N and P assimilation and N growth efficiencies on oak detritus. These findings suggest animal nutrient acquisition changes flexibly in response to resource changes, altering the fate of detrital N and P throughout regulation. We affirm resource identity and nutrients as important bottom-up controls, but suggest these factors act through separate pathways to affect organism growth and thereby change detrital ecosystems under anthropogenic forest compositional change and nutrient enrichment.
Data from: Macro-detritivores assist resolving the dryland decomposition conundrum by engineering an underworld heaven for decomposers
<p>Litter decomposition in most terrestrial ecosystems is regulated by moisture-dependent microorganism activity, among other things. <span class="fontstyle01"><span>Decomposition models typically underestimate rates of plant litter decomposition in drylands, suggesting the existence of additional drivers of decomposition. Attempts to reveal these drivers have predominantly focused on abiotic degradation agents, alternative moisture sources,</span></span> and <span class="fontstyle01"><span>soil-litter mixing</span></span>. The role of burrowing animals in promoting decomposition has received less attention despite greatly contributing to plant litter transfer from the harsh desert surface to the moister and nutrient-rich environment belowground. Our goal was to explore how macro-detritivore burrows affect plant litter mineralization dynamics. We introduced <sup>13</sup>C-labeled litter belowground into (1) desert isopod (<i>Hemilepistus reaumuri</i>) burrows and (2) artificial burrows, and aboveground on top of (3) isopod fecal pellet mounds and (4) bare soil crust. We compared the litter mass loss between the four treatments and used cavity ring-down spectroscopy to reveal the <i>in situ</i> mineralization dynamics. No litter mineralization was evident during the dry summer months both above- and belowground. Following rain events, mineralization rates spiked in all four micro-environments, quickly diminishing aboveground while slowly waning belowground. Total litter mass loss was twofold higher below- than aboveground and was significantly higher in isopod burrows compared to artificial burrows. Our findings demonstrate that burrowing macro-detritivores promote litter decomposition in deserts by transferring organic matter to their burrows where favorable climatic conditions and a nutrient-enriched environment foster microbial activity. Thus, attempts to resolve the dryland decomposition conundrum should not be limited to exploring factors that allow decomposition under harsh desert surface climatic conditions, but focus on the role that animals play in facilitating decomposer-friendly environments to which they translocate plant litter.</p>
Data for: Rewilding soil and litter invertebrates and fungi increases decomposition rates and alters detritivore communities
<p>Habitat degradation and associated reductions in ecosystem functions can be reversed by reintroducing or 'rewilding' keystone species. Rewilding projects have historically targeted restoration of processes such as grazing regimes or top-down predation effects. Few projects focus on restoring decomposition efficiency, despite the pivotal role decomposition plays in global carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. Here, we tested whether rewilding entire communities of detritivorous invertebrates and fungi can improve litter decomposition efficiency and restore detritivore communities during ecological restoration. Rewilding was conducted by transplanting leaf litter and soil, including associated invertebrate and fungal communities from species-rich remnant sites into species-poor, and geographically isolated, revegetated farmland sites in a temperate woodland region of southeastern Australia. We compared communities in sites under the following treatments: remnant (conservation area and source of litter transplant), rewilded revegetation (revegetated farmland site with litter transplant), and control revegetation (revegetated site, no transplant). In one 'before' and three 'after' sampling periods, we measured litter decomposition and the abundance and diversity of detritivorous invertebrates and fungi. We quantified the effect of detritivores on the rate of litter decomposition using piecewise Structural Equation Modelling. Decomposition was significantly faster in rewilding sites than in both control and remnant areas, and was largely driven by a greater abundance of invertebrate detritivores. Similarly, the abundance of invertebrate detritivores in rewilding revegetation sites exceeded the level of remnant communities, whereas there was little difference between control and remnant sites. In contrast, rewilding did not increase saprotrophic fungi relative abundance/diversity and there was no strong relationship between decomposition and fungal diversity. Our findings suggest the relatively simple act of transplanting leaf litter and soil can increase functional efficiency during restoration and alter community composition. Our methods may prove important across a range of contexts where other restoration methods have failed to restore ecosystem processes to pre-degradation levels.</p>
Weak interactions between strong interactors in an old-field ecosystem: Control of nitrogen cycling by coupled herbivores and detritivores
<ol> <li>Interactions between herbivores and detritivores are common in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Such interactions are thought to cause feedbacks in real ecosystems where the combined actions of these animals create either high or low nutrient cycling rates. There is limited evidence from factorial field experiments to support these expectations.</li> <li>We present the results of a three-year experiment wherein we factorially manipulated grasshopper herbivores and earthworm detritivores in an old-field ecosystem and tested for significant interaction effects on plants, nitrogen mineralization, and microorganisms. Then, we used a dynamical systems model built and parameterized for the study ecosystem to test the theoretical strength of these interactions. We predicted that grasshoppers and earthworms would have a positive interaction effect on plant growth and nitrogen cycling by driving plant community change.</li> <li>We found neither evidence for interaction effects on any of the variables we measured nor a consistent change in the composition of the plant community even though the individual effects of grasshoppers and earthworms were as expected. Our dynamical systems model made the same prediction across a broad section of parameter space (e.g., feeding rates, death rates, etc) and after longer term simulations.</li> <li>Our results suggest that interactions between herbivores and detritivores are only likely <i>in situ</i> when animals have exceptionally high individual effects on ecosystems and where the exogenous forces driving plant community change and soil biogeochemical fluxes are weak.</li> </ol>
How detritivores, plant traits and time modulate coupling of leaf versus woody litter decomposition rates across species
<p>1. Plant functional traits are increasingly used to understand ecological relationships and (changing) ecosystem functions. For understanding ecosystem-level biogeochemistry, we need to understand how (much) traits co-vary between different plant organs across species, and its implications for litter decomposition. However, we do not know how the degree of synchronous variation in decomposition rates between organs across species could be influenced by different keystone invertebrates decomposing different senesced plant organs, especially in warm-climate forests. Here we asked whether interspecific patterns in wood and leaf decomposition rates and in the spectra of resource economics traits underpinning them, co-vary across woody species; and how (much) the keystone invertebrate decomposers of the litter of these organs enhance or lower such co-variation of decomposition rates through time. </p> <p>2. We addressed these questions through an 18-month "common-garden" decomposition experiment using leaf, twig and branch litter of 41 woody species in two distant subtropical forest sites in east China. We quantified the effects of leaf, twig, and branch functional traits and their respective key invertebrates (moth larvae, termites) on the decomposition rates of those organs. </p> <p>3. Interspecific variation in wood traits was partly decoupled from that in leaf traits across species, while strong coupling was found between twigs and branches. The co-variation between leaf and woody organ decomposition rates was altered dynamically through the shifting activities of the key decomposers, which created non-linear relationships of invertebrate litter consumption as a function of species rankings along the resource economic trait spectra of leaves and branches.</p> <p>4. The deviations from coupling of decomposition rates between organs were likely caused by combinations of three mechanisms: (1) (de-)coupling between organs of other traits, not commonly considered in resource economics spectra (e.g., resins) (2) leaf and wood decomposers having specific diet requirements, and (3) temporal patterns of the decomposers' activity.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Our study highlights the importance of considering the different ways by which invertebrate detritivores drive decomposition processes through time. Under the ongoing biodiversity decline, future research would benefit from a better understanding of the role of the dynamic interactions between detritivore activities and plant functional traits on the carbon turnover in ecosystems.</p>
Data for: Multidimensional stoichiometric mismatch explains differences in detritivore biomass across three forest types
<p><span>The ecological stoichiometry theory provides a framework to understand organism fitness and population dynamics based on the stoichiometric mismatch between organisms and their resources. Recent studies have revealed that different soil animals occupy distinct multidimensional stoichiometric niches (MSNs), which likely determine their specific stoichiometric mismatches and population responses facing resource changes. The goals of the present study are to examine how long-term forest plantations affect the multidimensional elemental contents of litter and detritivores and the population size of detritivores that occupy distinct MSNs.</span></p> <p><span>We evaluated the contents of ten elements of two detritivore taxa (lumbricid earthworms and julid millipedes) and their litter resources, quantified their MSNs and the multidimensional stoichiometric mismatches, and examined how such mismatch patterns influence the density and total biomass of detritivores across three forest types spanning from natural forests (oak forest) to plantations (pine and larch forests).</span></p> <p><span>Sixty-year pine plantations changed the multidimensional elemental contents of litter but did not influence the elemental contents of the two detritivore taxa. Earthworms and millipedes exhibited distinct patterns of MSNs and stoichiometric mismatches, but they both experienced severer stoichiometric mismatches in pine plantations than in oak forests and larch plantations. Such stoichiometric mismatches led to lower density and biomass of both earthworms and millipedes in pine plantations. In other words, under conditions of low litter quality and severe stoichiometric mismatches in pine plantations, detritivores maintained their body elemental contents but decreased their population biomass.</span></p> <p><span>Our study illustrates the success of using the multidimensional stoichiometric framework to understand the impact of forest plantations on animal population dynamics, which may serve as a useful tool in addressing ecosystem responses to global environmental changes.</span></p>
Plastic responses to hot temperatures homogenize riparian leaf litter, speed decomposition, and reduce detritivores
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Data from: Burrowing detritivores regulate nutrient cycling in a desert ecosystem
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Data for: Multidimensional stoichiometric mismatch explains differences in detritivore biomass across three forest types
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Data from: Detrital nutrient content and leaf species differentially affect growth and nutritional regulation of detritivores
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