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18 results for “developmental instability”
Figure 3 in Systematics, variation, and developmental instability: analysis of spine patterns in ancestrulae of a common bryozoan
Figure 3. Seasonal trends in frequencies of 3:3:1 (black) and variant (grey) spine patterns for the first-generation ancestrulae over the course of the 7-week sampling period from 14 July to 25 August. The ratio of variants to 3:3:1 and % variants are included.
Figure 1 in Systematics, variation, and developmental instability: analysis of spine patterns in ancestrulae of a common bryozoan
Figure 1. (A) SEM of an ancestrula of Bugula stolonifera: this ancestrula has a spine pattern of 4:3:1 (see Figure 2); (B) diagram of the position of left and right distal margins and position of the proximal spine.
Figure 2 in Systematics, variation, and developmental instability: analysis of spine patterns in ancestrulae of a common bryozoan
Figure 2. Some common spine pattern formulae and views of the frontal membrane of ancestralae of Bugula stolonifera. All spine patterns are recorded from the viewpoint of the ancestrula right:left:proximal. (A) Diagram of an ancestrula with the typical 3:3:1 spine pattern cited in the text; (B) 3:3:0 variant spine pattern resulting from a loss of the proximal spine: this spine pattern was the most abundant variant spine pattern accounting for 54% of the variant spine patterns; (C) 3:2:1 variant spine pattern resulting from a loss on the left distal margin; (D) 4:3:1 variant spine pattern resulting from a spine gain on the right distal margin.
Extreme developmental instability is associated with the pea aphid wing plasticity
A key focus of evolutionary developmental biology is on how phenotypic diversity is generated. In particular, both plasticity and developmental instability can contribute to phenotypic variation among genetically identical individuals, but the interactions between the two phenomena and their general fitness impacts are unclear. We discovered a striking example of asymmetry in pea aphids: the presence of wings on one side and the complete or partial absence of wings on the opposite side. We used this asymmetric phenotype to study the connection between plasticity, developmental instability, and fitness. We found that this asymmetry equally affects both sides and thus is a developmental instability; is present in some genetically unique lines but not others and thus has a genetic basis; and has intermediate levels of fecundity, and thus does not necessarily have negative fitness consequences. We conclude that this dramatic asymmetry may arise from incomplete switching between developmental targets, linking plasticity and developmental instability. We posit that what we have observed may be a more widespread phenomenon, occurring across species that routinely produce distinct, alternative phenotypes.
Data from: Plasticity via feedback reduces the cost of developmental instability
<p><span>Costs of plasticity are thought to have important physiological and evolutionary consequences. A commonly predicted cost to plasticity is that plastic genotypes are likely to suffer from developmental instability. Adaptive plasticity requires that the developing organism can in some way sense what environment it is in or how well it is performing in that environment. These two information pathways—an "environmental signal" or a "performance signal" that indicates how well a developing phenotype matches the optimum in the current environment—can differ in their consequences for the organism and its evolution. Here, we consider how developmental instability might emerge as a side-effect of these two distinct mechanisms. Because a performance cue allows a regulatory feedback loop connecting a trait to a feedback signal, we hypothesized that plastic genotypes using a performance signal would be more developmentally robust compared to those using a purely environmental signal. Using a numerical model of a network of gene interactions, we show that plasticity comes at a cost of developmental instability when the plastic response is mediated via an environmental signal, but not when it is mediated via a performance signal. We also show that a performance signal mechanism can evolve even in a constant environment, leading to genotypes pre-adapted for plasticity to novel environments even in populations without a history of environmental heterogeneity.</span></p>
Chromosomal instability degrades developmental phenotypes essential for anti-GD2 immunotherapy outcomes in high-risk neuroblastoma
<p>Childhood Cancer Data Initiative (CCDI)<br>dbGaP Study Accession: phs002431</p>
Data from: Plasticity via feedback reduces the cost of developmental instability
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Extreme developmental instability is associated with the pea aphid wing plasticity
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Adaptation to host's chemical defenses as a driver of wing morphological evolution and developmental instability in cactophilic Drosophila
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Data from: Developmental instability is genetically correlated with phenotypic plasticity, constraining heritability, and fitness
Although adaptive plasticity would seem always to be favored by selection, it occurs less often than expected. This lack of ubiquity suggests that there must be trade-offs, costs, or limitations associated with plasticity. Yet, few costs have been found. We explore one type of limitation, a correlation between plasticity and developmental instability, and use quantitative genetic theory to show why one should expect a genetic correlation. We test that hypothesis using the Landsberg erecta × Cape Verde Islands recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana. RILs were grown at four different nitrogen (N) supply levels that span the range of N availabilities previously documented in North American field populations. We found a significant multivariate relationship between the cross-environment trait plasticity and the within-environment, within-RIL developmental instability across 13 traits. This genetic covariation between plasticity and developmental instability has two costs. First, theory predicts diminished fitness for highly plastic lines under stabilizing selection, because their developmental instability and variance around the optimum phenotype will be greater compared to nonplastic genotypes. Second, empirically the most plastic traits exhibited heritabilities reduced by 57% on average compared to nonplastic traits. This demonstration of potential costs in inclusive fitness and heritability provoke a rethinking of the evolutionary role of plasticity.
Data from: Body size, developmental instability and climate change
Development is often temperature-dependent. We hypothesized smaller size and larger asymmetry with increasing temperatures. However, we also predicted associations with asymmetry to differ among traits that differ in their degree of functional importance (especially the functional wings in migratory birds were predicted to be more canalized), timing of development (skeletal (femur, tarsus and humerus) vs feather (wing and tail traits). We analyzed a large dataset of which we included species with at least 20 specimens resulting in 5533 asymmetry values in 1593 individuals from 66 species. There was a consistent significant decrease in size with temperature across all traits. Fluctuating asymmetry for wings and femur was on average lower, suggesting higher canalization, and it decreased with migration distance, while that was not the case for the other traits. Fluctuating asymmetry increased with increasing temperature for wings, but not for the other characters, where the different responses of different characters to temperature was significant. Since there was no significant three-way interaction between temperature, migration distance and character, the asymmetry-temperature response was similar in migratory and resident species. These findings imply that climate warming reduces size of all traits and decreases developmental instability of wings in birds.
Developmental instability and phenotypic evolution in a small and isolated bear population
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Data from: Developmental instability is genetically correlated with phenotypic plasticity, constraining heritability, and fitness
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Data from: Body size, developmental instability and climate change
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Data from: Artificial selection reveals heritable variation for developmental instability
Fluctuating (nondirectional) asymmetry (FA) of bilaterally paired structures on a symmetrical organism is commonly used to assay the developmental instability (DI) caused by environmental or genetic factors. Although evidence for natural selection to reduce FA has been reported, evidence that FA (and by extension DI) is heritable is weak. We report the use of artificial selection to demonstrate heritable variation in the fluctuating asymmetry of wing veins in an outbred population of Drosophila melanogaster. Our estimates for the heritability of FA range from 0% to 1% and result in estimates for the heritability of DI as large as 20%, comparable to values typical for life-history traits. These values indicate the existence of evolutionarily relevant genetic variation for DI and the effectiveness of selection for reduced FA suggests that natural selection has not fixed all the genetic variants that would improve developmental stability in these populations.
Data and scripts for Mellado et al. 2024 Developmental instability, body mass, and reproduction predict immunological response in short-tailed bats. Current Zoology (In Press). DOI:10.1093/cz/zoae034
<p>Data and Scripts used in Mellado et al. 2024 Developmental instability, body mass, and reproduction predict immunological response in short-tailed bats.</p> <p>Breno Mellado, Lucas de O. Carneiro, Marcelo R. Nogueira, L. Gerardo Herrera M., Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto, Leandro R. Monteiro</p> <p>File ReadmeFirst.txt = this desctription</p> <p>File Melladoetal2024-CurrZool_Supplementary_Materials.pdf = Supplementary figures and tables for Mellado et al. 2024.</p> <p>File Carollia_PHA.txt = data set with 139 observations. Variables are: Sex = factor with sex (M/F), BMass = Body mass in g, ForA = unsigned forearm asymmetry (absolute scale, mm), ForL = right forearm length in mm, IPHA = PHA index, BSeason = factor with period of breeding season (early/late)</p> <p>File Carollia_phaTL.txt = data set with 50 observations. Variables are: BMass = Body mass in g, ForL = right forearm length in mm, IPHA = PHA index, ForA = forearm asymmetry (absolute scale, mm), TL = testicle length in mm, BSeason = factor with period of breeding season (early/late)</p> <p>File pha36hours.txt = data set with 144 observations (24 individuals measured at 0,3,6,10,24,36 hours after injection). Variables are: Ind = Individual identifier, Hour = Hours since injection of PHA solution, IPHA: PHA index</p> <p>script_Carollia_PHA.R = R script for analyses and figures</p>
Data from: Artificial selection reveals heritable variation for developmental instability
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No association between developmental instability as a general measure of stress and 2D:4D digit ratios in a non-Western sample
<p>Objective: Random deviation from perfect symmetry of organisms is defined as fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry is widely considered to be a marker of developmental instability, developmental noise and phenotypic quality at the population level. In this study, we investigated hypothesized relationship between 2D:4D digit ratios as a proxy measure of prenatal sex hormones and developmental instability levels in young adult humans Materials and Methods: In the study, seven bilateral traits were measured for fluctuating asymmetry, as well as second and fourth digit lengths on both hands of 185 individuals, 87 men (mean age: 22.42±3.37) and 97 women (mean age: 22.88±3.87). The second digit length was divided by the fourth digit length and the resulting value was used as the digit ratio (2D:4D). Composite fluctuating asymmetry was calculated using five bilateral traits displaying fluctuating asymmetry. Results: Only the right hand 2D:4D ratio is lower in men than in women. However, this difference disappears when the effect of digit lengths is controlled. Composite fluctuating asymmetry results reveal that men are more asymmetrical than women. There was no significant relationship between digit ratios and composite fluctuating asymmetry. Conclusion: In this study, the 2D:4D digit ratios appear to be influenced (at least in humans) by different digit lengths. This study also confirms previous studies that digit ratios as a proxy measure of exposure to either high testosterone or estrogen levels during early development does not appear to affect levels of developmental instability.</p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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