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Fig. 4 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 4. Paleoreconstruction map of Pangaea in the Triassic with Gondwanan occurrences of Palacrodon marked with circles and Laurasia occurrences of Palacrodon marked with a star (note the two Arizona occurrences overlap in this scale). Paleogeography modified from www.pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/ historical.html.

Fig. 3 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John's, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4).

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2).

Fig. 1 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011).

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Fig. 1 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities

Fig. 1. Remaining specimen of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland. A. Photograph of the remaining part of the holotype. B. Distally incomplete femur. Sampling location is indicated by the black arrow, the grey arrow marks the position of the femur at the slab. Arrows indicating the anterior orientation is only an estimate because the specimen is partially disarticulated. Abbreviations: v, vertebra. For more details see Volz (1902) and Rieppel and Hagdorn (1997) who both provided outline sketches of the bones preserved with the slab.

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Fig. 3 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities

Fig. 3. Growth pattern in the femoral cross section of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland; in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Arrows indicate the end of annual growth cycles. Altogether seven annual cycles are counted. The individual thus died in its 8 year of life. The innermost juvenile tissue is also divided by a clear growth mark, accompanied by a distinct change in tissue organization and vascularization. In polarized light subcycles are obvious, marked by grey arrows.

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Fig. 2 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities

Fig. 2. Bone histological details of the femur of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland. Detail of inner cortex, i.e., the medullary region and juvenile bone tissue in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Note the remains of calcified cartilage and small erosion cavities in the medullary region as well as the well vascularized surrounding periosteal tissue; the white arrow marks the sharp line, which separates the endosteal from the periosteal region. Detail of low organized and well vascularized parallel-fibred tissue, here interpreted as juvenile tissue in normal (A3) and polarized (A4) light. Note the mixture of primary osteons, simple vascular canals and a secondary osteon. Highly organized parallel-fibred tissue in the middle cortex showing local accumulation of primary osteons in normal light (A5). Middle and outer cortex in polarized light (A6). Note the highly organized parallel-fibred tissue, which is stratified by thin bright layers formed by multiple rest lines. Detail of inner and middle →

Fig. 9. A in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 9. A phylogeny of diapsids with the main transitions of the fifth metatarsal mapped onto it (based on Benton 1985; Evans 1988; Gauthier et al. 1988a; Sereno 1991; Dilkes 1998; Ezcurra et al. 2014). 1, plesiomorphic state; 2, diapsid synapomorphy: foot integration; 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 4, long-necked hooked MttV; 4', lepidosaurian synapomorphy: dorso-ventral inflexion of the long-necked hooked MttV; 5, ornithodiran synapomorphy: MttV straight, reduced in size and importance.

Fig. 8 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 8. Schematic relations between distal tarsals and metatarsals in diapsids and their out-group. A. Captorhinus, basal Amniota, Early Permian, North America (after Heaton and Reisz 1982). B. Petrolacosaurus, basal Diapsida, Late Carboniferous, North America (after Reisz (1981). C. Saurosternon, basal Diapsida, Late Permian South Africa (after Carroll 1975). D. Protorosaurus, Archosauromorpha, Late Permian, Germany and England (after Gottmann-Quesada and Sander 2009). E. Boreopricea, Early Triassic, Northern Russia (after Benton and Allen 1997). F, G. Macrocnemus, Middle Triassic, Italy (after Rieppel 1989: fig. 8D, F, respectively). H. Prolacerta, Archosauromorpha, Early Triassic, South Africa (after Gow 1975). I. Pamelaria, Archosauromorpha, Middle Triassic, India (after Sen 2003). J. Mesosuchus, Rhynchosauridae, Early–Middle Triassic, South Africa (after Dilkes 1998). K. MttV morphotype X, Early Triassic. Poland. L. MttV of Sophineta, Early Triassic. Poland. M. MttV of Gephyrosaurus, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Jurassic, UK (after Evans 1981). A–M all in plantar view. dTIV, MttIV and MttV. dTIV, MttIV, and MttV shaded in grey. 1 , plesiomorphic state; 2, diapsid synapomorphy: foot integration; 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 4, long-necked hooked MttV; 4', lepidosaurian synapomorphy: dorso-ventral inflexion of the long-necked hooked MttV. Not to scale.

Fig. 7 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 7. Schematic relations between distal tarsals and metatarsals in Archosauriformes. A. Erythrosuchus, Erythrosuchidae, Early Triassic, Africa (after Gower 1996). B. Euparkeria, Euparkeriidae, Middle Triassic South Africa after Ewer 1965). C. Riojasuchus, Crurotarsi, Late Triassic South America after Sereno 1991). D. Rhamphorhynchus, Pterosauria, Late Jurassic, Europe, Africa (after Wellnhofer 1991). E. Pteranodon, Pterosauria, Late Cretaceous, North America (after Bennett 2001). F. Scleromochlus, Ornithodira, Late Triassic, England (after Benton 1999). G. Marasuchus, Dinosauriformes, Middle Triassic, South America (after Sereno and Arcucci 1994). Dorsal (A, B) and plantar (C, G) views. dTIV, MttIV and MttV shaded in grey. 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 5, ornithodiran synapomorphy: MttV straight, reduced in size and importance. Not to scale.

Fig. 5. Sauria indet. morphotype X in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5. Sauria indet. morphotype X from the Lower Triassic of Czatkowice, southern Poland. A. ZPAL RV/1991, adult left MttV in plantar (A1) and lateral-slightly plantar (A2) views. B. ZPAL RV/1354, juvenile left MttV in medial (B1) and plantar (B2) views. C. ZPAL RV/1992, adult left MttV in dorsal view. SEM stereo-pairs.

Fig. 4 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Lepidosauromorph saurian Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009 (A, B) and morphotype Y (C) from the Lower Triassic of Czatkowice, southern Poland and Macrocnemus bassani (Nopcsa, 1930) (D, E) from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland. A. ZPAL RV/1990, left MttV in dorsal (A1) and medial (A2) views. B. ZPAL RV/1353, right MttV in plantar (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. ZPAL RV/1989, left MttV in plantar view. D. PIMZ T 2816, left MttV (reversed) in plantar view. E. PIMZ T 2472, right MttV in plantar view. A–C, SEM stereo-pairs. D, E not to scale, after Rieppel (1989: fig. 8B, E).

Fig. 3 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Archosauriform Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003 (A, B) and Archosauriformes gen. et sp. indet (C) all from the Lower Triassic Czatkowice locality, Poland. A. ZPAL RV/1347, adult, left MttV in plantar view. B. PAL RV/1346, young adult, right MttV in medial (B1), lateral (B2), and dorsal (B3) views. B1, B2, reversed. C. ZPAL RV/1993, right MttV in dorsal view. SEM photographs; A, B, stereo-pairs.

Fig. 2 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Comparison of fifth metatarsal architecture. Right bones in lateral view (A, B, C1, D, E2, F2) and in medial view (C2, E1, F1). A. Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), Iguanidae, Recent. B. Sphenodon punctatus (Gray, 1842), Rhynchocephalia, Recent. C. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and BorsukBiałynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland. D. Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980, Rhynchocephalia, Early Jurassic, South Wales, UK; straight line approximates not-inflacted shape of the MttV. E. Morphotype X, Early Triassic, Poland (left MttV reversed). F. Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003, Archosauriformes, Early Triassic, Poland. inf, inflection angle. Not to scale. A, B after Robinson (1975); D, after Evans (1981).

Fig. 1 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1. Comparison of the fifth metatarsal architecture. Left bones in plantar view demonstrate hooking and articular facet orientation (A1–C1, D, E1, F1) and in proximal view (plantar surface down) (A2–C2, F2). A. Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), Iguanidae, Recent. B. Sphenodon punctatus (Gray, 1842), Rhynchocephalia, Recent. C. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland. D. Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980, Rhynchocephalia, Early Jurassic, South Wales, UK (right MttV reversed). E. Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003, Archosauriformes, Early Triassic, Poland. F. Morphotype X, Early Triassic, Poland. The dashed lines approximate the outlines of the fifth metatarsals as seen in proximal view (for additional explanation see Material and methods). ha, hooking angle. Not to scale. A, B1, C, after Robinson (1975); D, after Evans (1981).

Fig. 6 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 6. General outline of muscle equipment of the lower leg and life position of the foot in Sauria. A. Varanus sp., left crus and pes in right lateral view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 8, reversed). B. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland, right MttV in lateral view; approximated life position. C. General courses and insertions of the peronei muscles in lizards, right pes in dorsal view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 11F, reversed). D. Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766), Recent, ZPAL z.p. RI/31, stereo-pairs of right foot: tarsus and proximal metatarsus in lateral view. E–G. Schematic drawings of foot showing proposed differences in levering conditions. E, G. Sauria. E. Plantigrade style with inflected MttV, as shown in A and D in squamates. F. Early tetrapods. G. Digitigrade style with straight MttV.

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Fig. 3 in A large marine eosauropterygian reptile with affinities to nothosauroid diapsids from the Early Triassic of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 3. Early Triassic map showing occurrences of Early Triassic (Olenekian) and Middle Triassic (Anisian) with potential apex predators in the respective marine ecosystems. Larger Eosauropterygia are represented by a nothosaur-shape and larger Ichthyopterygia by an ichthyosaur-shape. 1, Nevada and Idaho, USA: ichthyopterygian Thalattoarchon (Anisian), "Cymbospondylus"-like, shastasaur-like ichthyopterygians and Cymbospondylus spp. (Smithian/Spathian–Anisian); 2, British Columbia, Canada: Sauropterygia cf. Nothosauroidea indet. (TMP 1995.116.0023) (Smithian/Spathian–Anisian); 3, Svalbard: "Cymbospondylus" like ichthyopterygians or Pessopteryx? (Smithian/Spathian–Anisian); 4, Central Europe: Cymbospondylus buchseri; Nothosaurus giganteus (Anisian); 5, Luoping, southern China: Nothosaurus zhangi (Anisian). Please note that, although there are Spathian age eosauropterygians and ichthyosaurs known from Anhui Province, eastern China, these are not considered large predators herein, although they could still be apex-predators in their respective ecosystems (compare to Hansen and Galetti 2009). It is further noteworthy that the reptile record from the Smithian is virtually inexistent, with maybe the exception of a few isolated bones (e.g., Massare and Callaway 1994), which so far supports an early rapid dispersal of reptiles mainly during the Spathian. Data and map modified from Scheyer et al. 2014 and Romano et al. 2017, with additions by Fröbisch et al. 2013; Maxwell and Kear 2013; Liu et al. 2014. Abbreviations: Dien., Dienerian; G., Griesbachian; M. Trias., Middle Triassic; Smith., Smithian.

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Fig. 1. 3D in A large marine eosauropterygian reptile with affinities to nothosauroid diapsids from the Early Triassic of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 1. 3D landscape images of Ganoid Ridge, Wapiti Lake area, British Columbia [downloaded from Google Earth Pro on October 3rd 2018; imagery Landsat/Copernicus (09/14/2011), ©2018 DigitalGlobe, ©2018 Province of British Columbia]. A. Overview of the complete Ganoid Ridge reversed). White letters indicate different cirques at Ganoid Ridge. The stippled white line indicates the trend of the major anticline in the area (adopted from Mutter 2004: fig. 1a and references therein). B. Close-up of the southeastern cirques of Ganoid Ridge seen from the North. The anticline is well visible in the grey sediments of the Permian Mowitch Formation in the E and D cirques, surrounded by the darker brownish colored sediments of the Sulphur Mountain Formation. C. Close-up of the fossil site 54°30'32" N; 120°41'24" W) indicated by the white star in the talus slop of the L cirque, seen from the Northeast. Note that well exposed layers in the E cirque can be traced into the L cirque, indicating a similar stratigraphic succession in both cirques. Abbreviations: MM, Meosin Mountain Member; MO, Mowitch Formation; P, Phroso Member, V, Vega Member.