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19 results for “diel activity patterns”
Fig. 4 in Diel flight activity patterns of the red palm weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as monitored by smart traps
Fig. 4. Diel pattern for the mean total number of red palm weevils (RPW) captured per trap during the 62 d trapping period. Columns headed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other.
Fig. 3 in Diel flight activity patterns of the red palm weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as monitored by smart traps
Fig. 3. Mean temporal distributions of adult male (A), female (B), and total (C) red palm weevils captured in STs over the 24 h diel cycle. Each circle represents 4, 16, and 19 weevils in A, B, and C, respectively.
Data from: Empirically testing the influence of light regime on diel activity patterns in a marine predator reveals complex interacting factors shaping behaviour
<p>Diel cycles in marine predator diving behaviour centre around the light-mediated diel vertical migration (DVM) of prey, and are considered critical for optimizing foraging and limiting competition across global seascapes. Yet our understanding of predator diel behaviour is based primarily on examining relative depth usage between constant day/night cycles with no formal investigation of how varying light regimes interact with abiotic factors to shape diel activity. The extreme seasonal light regimes (midnight sun, polar night, day/night cycle) in the Arctic provide a unique natural experimental setting to empirically investigate the occurrence and intensity of diel behaviour in marine predators relative to changing light levels while concomitantly assessing interacting abiotic factors. Depth time series data from satellite-linked tags deployed on six belugas for up to 12 months were used to quantify diel behaviour by calculating dissimilarity in time-at-depth between periods of low and high solar altitude on each day. Generalized additive mixed effects models were used to examine the influence of hours of daylight across extreme light cycles, coupled with bathymetry and sea ice concentration; focal diel patterns were further examined relative to the thermal structure of the water column. As predicted, belugas exhibited cathemerality during the midnight sun, and initiated diel behaviour with the onset of the fall day/night cycle, with a marked increase in its intensity with the progression to equal day/night length. Occurrence of diel patterns, however, was complex; ceasing in regions with seafloor depths < 700 m, and occurring with greatest intensity when the water column was thermally homogeneous within the upper 150 m. Through empirical investigation, this study demonstrates that the onset of day/night light cycles and presumably associated prey DVM can modulate predator diel dive behaviour under certain circumstances, but highlights how the complex interaction of abiotic factors with light regime shape dynamic spatiotemporal patterns. These findings, building on a body of recent work, emphasize that the traditional view of the ubiquitous occurrence of diel behaviour tied to DVM at the base of the food web oversimplifies vertical predator-prey interactions, identifying the need for more structured investigation. </p>
Fig. 1 in Diel flight activity patterns of the red palm weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as monitored by smart traps
Fig. 1. External (A) and internal (B) sections of the ST.
Fig. 2 in Diel flight activity patterns of the red palm weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as monitored by smart traps
Fig. 2. Daily mean numbers of captured red palm weevils in STs and CTs.
Data from: Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Understanding the spatio‐temporal distribution of ungulates is important for effective wildlife management, particularly for economically and ecologically important species such as wild boar (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>Sus scrofa</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>). Wild boars are generally considered to exhibit substantial behavioral flexibility, but it is unclear how their behavior varies across different conservation management regimes and levels of human pressure. To analyze if and how wild boars adjust their space use or their temporal niche, we surveyed wild boars across the core and buffer zones (collectively referred to as the conservation zone) and the transition zone of a biosphere reserve. These zones represent low and high levels of human pressure, respectively. Specifically, we employed a network of 53 camera traps distributed in the Schaalsee UNESCO Biosphere Reserve over a 14‐month period (19,062 trap nights) and estimated circadian activity patterns, diel activity levels, and occupancy of wild boars in both zones. To account for differences in environmental conditions and day length, we estimated these parameters separately for seven 2‐month periods. Our results showed that the wild boars were primarily nocturnal, with diurnal activity occurring dominantly during the summer months. The diel activity patterns in the two zones were very similar overall, although the wild boars were slightly less active in the transition zone than in the conservation zone. Diel activity levels also varied seasonally, ranging from 7.5 to 11.0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>h day</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><sup>−1</sup><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>, and scaled positively with the length of the night (</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>R</em><sup>2</sup> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>=</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>0.66–0.67). Seasonal occupancy estimates were exceptionally high (point estimates ranged from 0.65 to 0.99) and similar across zones, suggesting that the wild boars used most of the biosphere reserve. Overall, this result suggests that different conservation management regimes (in this case, the zoning of a biosphere reserve) have little impact on wild boar behavior. This finding is relevant for wildlife management in protected areas where possibly high wild boar densities could interfere with conservation goals within these areas and those of agricultural land use in their vicinity.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Estimated densities of activity from: Characterising diel activity patterns to design conservation measures: Case study of European bat species
<p>Estimated densities of activity calculated in <em>"Characterising diel activity patterns to design conservation measures: case study of European bat species"</em> (see Materials and Methods for more information on these calculations).</p> <p>The files named "<em>densitiyAllYear</em>" correspond to the estimated densities based on our entire dataset.</p> <p>The files named "<em>densitiySpring</em>" correspond to the estimated densities based on a subset of our dataset comprising only monitoring carried out between 1 March and 21 June.</p> <p>The files named "<em>densitiySummer</em>" correspond to the estimated densities based on a subset of our dataset comprising only monitoring carried out between 22 June and 21 August.</p> <p>The files named "<em>densitiyAutumn</em>" correspond to the estimated densities based on a subset of our dataset comprising only monitoring carried out between 22 August and 31 October.</p> <p>The first column of each file (<em>"PercentageNight"</em>) corresponds to the percentage of the night elapsed (0 % = sunset time, 100 % = sunrise time), the second to the estimated activity density (<em>"Density"</em>).</p>
Data from: Dynamic shifts in predator diel activity patterns across landscapes and threat levels
<p>Understanding the constraints dominant predators impose on subordinate species is important for predicting ecosystem dynamics and anticipating outcomes of predator management. Subordinate predators may avoid dominant predators in time or space, making it difficult to quantify antipredator behaviours unless joint spatiotemporal analyses are used. Here, we tested whether an invasive dominant predator (red fox <em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) alters the spatiotemporal activity of an invasive subordinate predator (feral cat <em>Felis catus</em>). We collated records of both species from 3,667 camera-traps deployed experimentally across two regions of south-eastern Australia with simplified predator guilds. Foxes were poison-baited in some landscapes within each region. We used generalised additive models to quantify changes in predator spatiotemporal activity across geographic space, vegetation types, human footprint and (artificially manipulated) gradients of dominant predator activity. Foxes and cats had similar diel activity patterns when averaged across all sites, however there was important differentiation at a finer scale cats did not reduce their spatial activity but shifted diel patterns when localised fox activity was high. Cats were crepuscular on average. However, across dry vegetation types of both regions (where foxes were nocturnal), cats shifted to diurnal behaviour with increasing fox activity. In contrast, fox activity was relatively consistent throughout the daily cycle in the wet forest; here cats avoided dawn when fox activity was high. Changes in cat diel activity patterns may facilitate spatial coexistence between these two invasive predators, potentially shifting feral cat impacts onto different native prey. It is well-appreciated that predator activity varies spatially and fluctuates throughout the daily cycle. However, our study demonstrates that diel activity patterns also vary across space, likely mediated by both landscape-context and fear. Dominant predator avoidance in time appears to be spatially dynamic a key nuance which is overlooked when simply comparing the average activity overlap between two species.</p>
Data from: Dynamic shifts in predator diel activity patterns across landscapes and threat levels
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Data from: Empirically testing the influence of light regime on diel activity patterns in a marine predator reveals complex interacting factors shaping behaviour
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Data from: Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
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Data from: A case for considering individual variation in diel activity patterns
There is a growing recognition of the role of individual variation in patterns emerging at higher levels of biological organization. Despite the importance of the temporal configuration of ecological processes and patterns, intraspecific individual variation in diel activity patterns is almost never accounted for in behavioral studies at the population level. We used individual-based monitoring data from 98 GPS-collared brown bears in Scandinavia to estimate diel activity patterns before the fall hunting season. We extracted 7 activity measures related to timing and regularity of activity from individual activity profiles. We then used multivariate analysis to test for the existence of distinct activity tactics and their environmental determinants, followed by generalized linear regression to estimate the extent of within-individual repeatability of activity tactics. We detected 4 distinct activity tactics, with a high degree of individual fidelity to a given tactic. Demographic factors, availability of key foraging habitat, and human disturbance were important determinants of activity tactics. Younger individuals and those with higher bear and road densities within their home range were more nocturnal and more likely to rest during the day. Good foraging habitat and increasing age led to more diurnal activity patterns and nocturnal resting periods. We did not find evidence of diel activity tactics influencing survival during the subsequent hunting season. We conclude that individual variation in activity deserves greater attention than it currently receives, as it may help account for individual heterogeneity in fitness and could facilitate within-population niche partitioning that can have population- or community-level consequences.
Data from: Non-uniform evolutionary response of gecko eye size to changes in diel activity patterns
Geckos feature a large range of eye sizes, but what drives this phenotypic diversity is currently unknown. Earlier studies point towards diel activity patterns (DAP) and locomotory mode, but phylogenetic comparative studies in support of the proposed adaptive mode of eye evolution are lacking. Here we test the hypothesis of DAP as the driver of eye size evolution with a dataset on 99 species of gecko. Results from phylogenetic generalized least square analysis (PGLS) and multivariate model-fitting reveal smaller eyes in diurnal geckos consistent with different phenotypic optima. However, Bayesian analyses of selective regime shifts demonstrate that only 2 of 9 transitions from nocturnal to diurnal activity are coupled with decreases in eye size, and 2 other regime shifts are not associated with DAP transitions. This non-uniform evolutionary response suggests that eye size is not the only functionally relevant variable. Evolutionary adaptations may therefore include different combinations of several traits (e.g., photoreceptors), all with the same functional outcome. Our results further demonstrate that DAP only partially explains eye size diversity in geckos. As open habitats favor the evolution of large eyes while obstructed habitats favor small eyes, the degree of habitat clutter emerges as another potential axis of eye diversification.
Data from: A case for considering individual variation in diel activity patterns
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Data from: Non-uniform evolutionary response of gecko eye size to changes in diel activity patterns
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Data from: Acoustic accelerometry reveals diel activity patterns in premigratory Port Jackson sharks
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Data from: Comparing diel activity patterns of wildlife across latitudes and seasons: time transformations using day length
(1) Camera trapping allows scientists to study activity patterns of animals under natural conditions. However, comparisons of activity patterns across seasons or latitudes can be biased, because activity is often attuned to sunrise and sunset, the timing of which varies with latitude and season. Existing transformation methods to solve this problem have limitations. (2) Here, we explore whether and how activity patterns can be transformed more accurately using two alternative 'double anchoring' transformations – equinoctial and average anchoring – that anchor activity time to two chosen anchor points during the study period. (3) Using simulated noisy datasets mimicking species with either crepuscular, diurnal or cathemeral activity patterns, we compared the ability of different transformation methods to extract the latent pattern and activity levels under different study conditions. We found that average anchoring best retrieved the original diel activity pattern and yielded accurate estimates of activity level. Two alternative transformation methods – single anchoring and equinoctial anchoring – performed less well. Bias in estimates from using untransformed clock times was most marked (up to 2.5-fold over-estimation) for longer studies covering 4-5 months either side of an equinox at high latitude, and focusing on crepuscular species. (4) We applied the average anchoring method to 9 months of data on Red deer (Cervus elaphus), Wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Mouflon (Ovis amon musimon) activity as captured by camera traps in National Park Hoge Veluwe, the Netherlands. Average anchoring revealed more pronounced peaks of activity after sunset than was apparent from untransformed data in red deer and wild boar, but not for mouflon, a cathemeral species. Similarly, activity level was lower when calculated using average-anchored time for red deer and wild boar, but no difference was observed for mouflon. (5) We conclude that transformation of time might not be necessary at latitudes below 20°, or in studies with a duration of less than a month (below 40° latitude). For longer study periods and/or higher latitudes, average-anchoring resolves the problem of variable day length. Code is provided. The transformation functions are incorporated in the R-package 'activity'.
Data from: Out of the dark: 350 million years of conservatism and evolution in diel activity patterns in vertebrates
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Data from: Comparing diel activity patterns of wildlife across latitudes and seasons: time transformations using day length
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