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119 results for “dimorphic females”
Differences in Chemo-signaling Compound-Evoked Brain Activity in Male and Female Young Adults: A Pilot Study in the Role of Sexual Dimorphism in Olfactory Chemo-Signaling
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Data from: The evolution of sex similarities in social signals: Climatic seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism and greater elaboration of female and male signals in antbirds (Thamnophilidae)
<p>Selection on signals that mediate social competition varies with resource availability. Climate regulates resource availability, which may affect the strength of competition and selection on signals. Traditionally, this meant that more seasonal, colder, or dryer – overall harsher – environments should favor the elaboration of male signals under stronger male-male competition, increasing sexual dimorphism. However, females also use signals to compete; thus, harsher environments could strengthen competition and favor elaboration of signals in both sexes, decreasing sexual dimorphism. Alternatively, harsher environments could decrease sexual dimorphism due to scarcer resources to invest in signal elaboration in both sexes. We evaluated these contrasting hypotheses in antbirds, a family of Neotropical passerines that varies in female and male signals and occurs across diverse climatic regimes. We tested the association of sexual dimorphism of plumage coloration and songs with temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. We found that greater seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism in plumage coloration and greater elaboration of visual signals in both sexes, but not acoustic signals. Our results suggest that greater seasonality may be associated with convergent elaboration of female and male visual signals, highlighting the role of signals of both sexes in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.</p>
Рис. 3. Изменение ΔΛины теΛа у Bufo sachalinensis с возрастом: A — самки; B — самцы Fig. 3. The von Bertalanffy growth models for Bufo sachalinensis: A — females; B — males in Age structure and sexual dimorphism of the Far Eastern toad, Bufo sachalinensis Nikolsky, 1905 in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve
Рис. 3. Изменение ΔΛины теΛа у Bufo sachalinensis с возрастом: A — самки; B — самцы Fig. 3. The von Bertalanffy growth models for Bufo sachalinensis: A — females; B — males
Рис. 4. Поперечные срезы фаΛанг паΛьцев особей Bufo sachalinensis максимаΛьного возраста: A — шестиΛетний самец (L = 69.0 мм); B — семиΛетняя самка (L = 90.6 мм) Fig. 4. Cross-section image of phalanges of Bufo sachalinensis individuals of maximum age: A — six year old male (SVL = 69.0 mm); B — seven year old female (SVL = 90.6 mm) in Age structure and sexual dimorphism of the Far Eastern toad, Bufo sachalinensis Nikolsky, 1905 in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve
Рис. 4. Поперечные срезы фаΛанг паΛьцев особей Bufo sachalinensis максимаΛьного возраста: A — шестиΛетний самец (L = 69.0 мм); B — семиΛетняя самка (L = 90.6 мм) Fig. 4. Cross-section image of phalanges of Bufo sachalinensis individuals of maximum age: A — six year old male (SVL = 69.0 mm); B — seven year old female (SVL = 90.6 mm)
Figures 7-12 in Couples in phoretic copulation, a tool for male-female association in highly dimorphic insects of the wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Figures 7-12. (7-9) Female of Dissomphalus firmus from Panama: (7) habitus in lateral view; (8) head in dorsal view; (9) mesosoma in dorsal view. (10-12) Female of Dissomphalus rettenmeyeri from Panama: (10) habitus in lateral view; (11) head in dorsal view; (12) mesosoma in dorsal view. Scale bars: 100 µm.
Data from: The evolution of sex similarities in social signals: Climatic seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism and greater elaboration of female and male signals in antbirds (Thamnophilidae)
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Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
In males it is frequently testosterone (T) that activates the expression of sexually selected morphological and behavioral displays, but the role of T in regulating similar traits in females is less clear. Here we combine correlational data with results from T and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) manipulations in both sexes to assess the role of T in mediating sexually dimorphic coloration and morphology in the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We show that (1) natural variation in female expression of ornamental traits (darkened bills and red back feathers) are positively associated with age and circulating androgen titres, (2) females have the capacity to express most male-typical traits in response to exogenous T, including carotenoid-pigmented body plumage, shorter feathers, darkened bill, and enlarged cloacal protuberance, but (3) appear constrained in production of male-typical melanin-pigmented plumage, and (4) low androgen levels during the pre-nuptial molt, probably due to low ovarian capacity for steroid production (or LH-sensitivity), prevent females from developing male-like ornamentation. Thus, females appear to retain molecular mechanism for hormonally regulated male-typical ornamentation, although these are rarely activated because of insufficient production of the hormonal signal.
Females pay little attention to variation in male display traits in a jumping spider with dimorphic males
<p><span>Dimorphic male alternative reproductive strategies typically involve divergent suites of morphological and behavioral traits to maximize reproductive success. Most instances of these strategies typically follow similar patterns of a larger, territorial or aggressive male morph and a smaller, satellite male morph. The genetically determined male morphs of the jumping spider, <em>Maevia</em> <em>inclemens</em>, have evolved dramatically different secondary sexual traits and courtship behavior, but do not seem to fit the classic mold of male alternative reproductive strategies. In the past several decades, advances have been made to better understand the different reproductive strategies between the morphs and how females (or predators) perceive them differently. However, the specific information content and function of their dimorphic morphological traits, and whether female aggression is an important factor in their evolution, is still not clearly understood. We tested two hypotheses for alternative mating strategies in <em>M. inclemens</em>. Tufted males have three tufts of setae above their eyes that may signal their mate quality. Striped males have contrasting black-and-white striped legs that may function as an aggression deterrent. We manipulated tuft length and the presence/absence of leg stripes and paired a single male with an unmated female in no-choice mating behavior experiments to quantify mating success, female receptivity, female aggression, and reproductive output. We found little support for our focal hypotheses. However, our models suggested that male body condition is more likely to influence mating interactions than variation in the target traits we manipulated. Our robust negative results allow us to critically revise our hypotheses to better understand the unique and perplexing male dimorphism of <em>M. inclemens</em> that deviates from current theory.</span></p>
Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females
<p><span>Within a species' distribution, populations are often exposed to diverse environments and may thus experience different sources of both natural and sexual selection. These differences are likely to impact the balance between costs and benefits to individuals seeking reproduction, thus entailing evolutionary repercussions. Here, we look into an unusual population (Baltic Sea) of the broadnosed pipefish, <i>Syngnathus typhle</i>, where males do not seem to select females based on size and hypothesise that this pattern may derive from a reduction of direct benefits to the male. We further hypothesise that if larger females do not persistently secure a higher reproductive success, either through pre- or post-copulatory sexual selection, a decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population should be apparent, especially when contrasted with a well-studied population, inhabiting similar latitudes (Swedish west coast), where males prefer larger females.</span></p> <p>We found that, in the Baltic population, variation in female quality is low. We were unable to find differences in abortion rates or protein concentration in oocytes produced by females of contrasting sizes. Direct benefits from mating with large partners seem, thus, reduced in the Baltic population. We also found no evidence of any post-copulatory mechanism that could favour larger mothers as embryo development was unrelated to female size. While female size can still be selected through intrasexual competition or fecundity selection, the pressure for large female body size seems to be lower in the Baltic. Accordingly, we found a noticeable decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population. We conclude that, although far from negating the significance of other selective process, sexual selection seems to have a decisive role in supporting pipefish sexual size asymmetries.</p>
Explaining dimorphism polymorphism: Stronger interspecific sexual differences may be favored when females search for mates in the presence of congeners
<p>Why are some species sexually dimorphic while other closely related species are not? While all females in genus <em>Strauzia</em> share a multiply-banded wing pattern typical of many other true fruit flies, males of four species have noticeably elongated wings with banding patterns "coalesced" into a continuous dark streak across much of the wing. We take an integrative phylogenetic approach to explore the evolution of this dimorphism and develop general hypotheses underlying the evolution of wing dimorphism in flies. We find that the origin of coalesced and other darkened male wing patterns correlate with the inferred origin of host plant sharing in <em>Strauzia.</em> While wing shape among non-host-sharing species tended to be conserved across the phylogeny, shapes of male wings for <em>Strauzia</em> species sharing the same host plant were more different from one another than expected under Brownian models of evolution and overall rates of wing shape change differed between non-host-sharing species and host-sharing species. A survey of North American Tephritidae finds just three other genera with specialist species that share host plants. Host-sharing species in these genera also have wing patterns unusual for each genus. Only genus <em>Eutreta </em>is like<em> Strauzia </em>in<em> </em>having the unusual wing patterns only in males, and of genera that have multiple species sharing hosts, only in <em>Eutreta </em>and <em>Strauzia</em> do males hold territories while females search for mates. We hypothesize that in species that share host plants, those where females actively search for males<em> </em>in the presence of congeners may be more likely to evolve sexually dimorphic wing patterns.</p>
Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females
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Females pay little attention to variation in male display traits in a jumping spider with dimorphic males
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Viviparity is associated with larger female size and higher sexual size dimorphism in a reproductively bimodal lizard
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Data from: Does sexual dimorphism reflect sexual antagonism? Covariation of female fitness with brothers’ sexual traits and their female homologues in neriid flies
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Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
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Explaining dimorphism polymorphism: Stronger interspecific sexual differences may be favored when females search for mates in the presence of congeners
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Data from: Selection for predation, not female fecundity, explains sexual size dimorphism in the orchid mantises
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Data from: Female-biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's Rule
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is ubiquitous across animals with female bias most prominent in snakes and other ectothermic organisms. To understand how SSD evolves across species, Rensch's Rule predicts that in taxa where males are larger, SSD increases with body size. In contrast, where females are larger, SSD decreases with body size. While this rule holds for many taxa, it may be ambiguous for others, particularly ectothermic vertebrates. Importantly, this rule suggests that the outcomes of SSD over phylogenetic time scales depends on the direction of dimorphism predicated on the difference in reproductive efforts between males and females. Here we examine SSD in the context of Rensch's Rule in Thamnophiini, the garter and waternsakes, a prominent group composing the North American snake biota. Using a dated phylogeny, measurements of gape, body and tail size, we show that these snakes do not follow Rensch's Rule, but rather female-biased SSD increases with body size. We in turn find that this allometry is most pronounced with gape and is correlated with both neonate and litter size, suggesting that acquiring prey of increased size may be directly related to fecundity selection. These changes in SSD are not constrained to any particular clade; we find no evidence of phylogenetic shifts in those traits showing SSD. We suggest several ways forward to better understand the anatomical units of selection for SSD and modularity
FIGURE 4 in Description of a new species of Aclastus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) from the Peruvian Andes, with dimorphic females
FIGURE 4. Morphology of Aclastus mantaricus sp. nov. A, C, E: winged female: A—head and mesoscutum, dorsal view; Cmesosoma, lateral view; E—propodeum and first metasomal tergite, dorsal view. B, D, F: brachypterous female: B—head and mesoscutum in dorsal view; D—mesosoma, lateral view; F—propodeum and first metasomal tergite in dorsal view.
FIGURE 5 in Description of a new species of Aclastus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) from the Peruvian Andes, with dimorphic females
FIGURE 5. Morphology of Aclastus mantaricus sp. nov. A, C, E: winged female: A—wings; C—first metasomal tergite in lateral view; E—metasoma, dorsal view. B, D, F: brachypterous female: B—wings; D—first metasomal tergite, lateral view; F—metasoma, dorsal view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.