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FIG. 8 in A New Genus and New Tribe for Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863, a Neglected South American Snake (Colubridae: Xenodontinae), with Taxonomic Notes on Some Dipsadinae

FIG. 8. Examples of field-everted hemipenes showing diminution (A) or loss (B–C) of distal forks after expansion of capitulum. Pliable tissue separating the sulcus branches before eversion is stretched flat in B and C. (Scale line = 1 mm.) A. Leptodeira annulata cussiliris (AMNH R-107291, right organ); fork slightly widened (cf., fig. 7B), with very short branch terminations concealed in calyces. B. Leptodeira annulata annulata (AMNH R-133340, right organ); a pronounced fork on field-everted organ expanded into this shape after softening in KOH and injection with petroleum jelly (shape is triangular, the heart-shaped appearance imparted by overhanging calyces at top). C. Leptodeira maculata (AMNH R-82150, right organ), showing extreme flattening and loss of terminal fork.

FIG. 2. Enicognathus melanauchen Jan 1863 in A New Genus and New Tribe for Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863, a Neglected South American Snake (Colubridae: Xenodontinae), with Taxonomic Notes on Some Dipsadinae

FIG. 2. Enicognathus melanauchen Jan 1863. Lateral view of anterior body of holotype between ventral plates 17 and 27, ×7.9. Feeble keels are present on some dorsal scales in all rows, but are not discernible on many scales in rows 1–2.

FIG. 5 in A New Genus and New Tribe for Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863, a Neglected South American Snake (Colubridae: Xenodontinae), with Taxonomic Notes on Some Dipsadinae

FIG. 5. Hemipenis of Amnesteophis melanauchen (Jan 1863). Manually everted left organ of holotype of Enicognathus melanauchen, in sulcate (left), apical (top), and asulcate (right) views. (Basal half of organ is split and spread flat; the inflated distal half is fully everted but probably not maximally expanded.) The basally spinulate hemipenis is mostly spinose (spines emphasized by stippling); the spines are replaced on the small lobes by larger, soft flat- tened papillae; the unforked sulcus spermaticus extends centripetally to apex of the left lobe (sinistral sulcus) without entering a nude area in the lobular crotch; calyces are lacking (scale line = 1 mm).

FIG. 6 in A New Genus and New Tribe for Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863, a Neglected South American Snake (Colubridae: Xenodontinae), with Taxonomic Notes on Some Dipsadinae

FIG. 6. Portion of plate 1, livraison 16, in the Iconographie générale des ophidiens (Jan and Sordelli, 1866 [1860–1881]), shown 0.77× original folio size. 1. Syntype of Enicognathus occipitalis Jan 1863, now = Taeniophallus occipitalis. 2. Holotype of Enicognathus melanauchen Jan 1863, type species of Amnesteophis as proposed herein (see also figs. 1–3 and text for comments on faded color pattern).

FIG. 4 in A New Genus and New Tribe for Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863, a Neglected South American Snake (Colubridae: Xenodontinae), with Taxonomic Notes on Some Dipsadinae

FIG. 4. Maxillary dentition of Amnesteophis melanauchen (Jan 1863). Right maxilla of holotype of Enicognathus melanauchen in lateral and ventral views (scale line = 1 mm).

Fig. 20 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 20. Hemipenes of Geophis. Rightside organs shown at same scale (×6.7) in sulcate and asulcate view. A. Geophis brachycephalus, from a highland population with pattern polymorphism (UMMZ 57958; Boquete, western Panama). B. Geophis, species inquirenda, from Atlanticversant population apparently lacking pattern polymorphism (La Loma, western Panama; MCZ 19326).

Fig. 18 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 18. Geophis brachycephalus (Cope), a juvenile male from the PiedrasPacora Ridge in central Panama (GML specimen, 202 mm total length; see fig. 15B for lateral view of head).

Fig. 19 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 19. Geophis, species inquirenda? A specimen (AMNH 114317♀) collected in 1976 near the Fortuna Dam Site (prior to construction), 1000 m, upper valley of the Río Chiriquí (Chiriquí Province, western Panama). Although it is Pacific drainage, the highland valley has a climate comparable to that of the Atlantic versant. Pending further investigation, four female Geophis from the area are tentatively associated with unicolored specimens from the Atlantic versant of western Panama.

Fig. 15 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 15. Heads of Geophis, all ×4.5. A. Colombian holotype of G. nigroalbus, juvenile male 134 mm total length (see fig. 16 for whole body). B. Central Panamanian specimen of G. brachycephalus (GML), juvenile male 202 mm total length (see fig. 18 for whole body). C. Central Panamanian holotype of G. bellus, new species, an adult male 201 mm total length (pale lateral streak behind head band is reflected light; body uniform black above and below, as seen in fig. 11).

Fig. 10 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 10. Atractus imperfectus, new species. Dorsal and ventral view of the only known specimen (MCZ 50213, holotype), ×2.8. Collected for the old Panamanian snake census in 1936, this imperfect specimen was the first Atractus from Panama.

Fig. 13 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 13. Right maxilla of Geophis bellus, new species (holotype), shown in lateral and ventral views.

Fig. 12 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 12. Head scutellation of Geophis bellus, new species (holotype), ×6. Fifth supralabial and posterior temporal shown in gray in lateral views.

Fig. 14 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 14. Hemipenis of Geophis bellus, new species. Everted organ of holotype shown in sulcate and asulcate views, ×10. The drawing is a composite, based on left hemipenis except that the lobes are added from right organ (see footnote 15). The relatively large capitulum is nearly acalyculate, with weak calyces being confined to the small lobes.

Fig. 17 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 17. Hemipenis of Geophis nigroalbus Boulenger. Left organ of FMNH 43727 from Colombia (no other data) shown left to right in sulcate and asulcate view, ×5.9.

Fig. 8 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 8. Type locality of Atractus darienensis, at 500m base camp in forest on northern end of the Serranía de Pirre (see fig. 7). Early dry season (January 14, 1966); within two weeks after this photograph, the saturated ground surface dried and there was abundant leaf fall, with the forest seeming to be nearly 50% deciduous. The crest of the serranía supports dense cloud forest (illustrated in Myers, 1982).

Fig. 9 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 9. Heads of three new species of Panamanian Atractus, all holotypes ×3.8. A. A. darienensis. B. A. hostilitractus. C. A. imperfectus.

Fig. 7 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 7. Northern end of the Serranía de Pirre, as seen looking SSE from a distance of 15–20 km at El Real, 20 m elevation (December 1965). The twin breastlike peaks were determined by altimeter to be 960 m and 1000 m (from left to right); the still higher prominence (1110 m) farther south is Cerro Cituro (wrongly identified on some maps as ''Cerro Pirre'', which lies still farther south at about 1550 m). Arrow indicates general region of the type locality of Atractus darienensis—a temporary base camp at 500 m elevation, established prior to exploring higher reaches of the serranía. See figure 8.

Fig. 6 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 6. Atractus darienensis, new species. The holotype in life (KU 110274). The reflective scale surfaces cause the color pattern to be less evident in life than in preservative (compare with fig. 1B).

Fig. 3 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 3. Heads of Panamanian Atractus; holotypes shown ×5, except ×2.7 for one large species. A. A. clarki Dunn and Bailey (MCZ 28800). B. A. darienensis, new species (KU 110274). C. A. hostilitractus, new species (AMNH 130330). D. A. imperfectus, new species (MCZ 50213). E. A. depressiocellus, new species (AMNH 119876).

Fig. 4 in Rare Snakes-Five New Species from Eastern Panama: Reviews of Northern Atractus and Southern Geophis (Colubridae: Dipsadinae)

Fig. 4. The second known specimen of Atractus clarki (MCZ 133013), from an unspecified locality in the Colombian Chocó, ×1.2.