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318 results for “direct development”
FIGURE 3 in Sexual dimorphism in a freshwater atyid shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea) with direct development: a geometric morphometrics approach
FIGURE 3. Relative deformations grids illustrating the variation in the mean shape of the carapace for (a) females and (b) males.
FIGURE 2 in Sexual dimorphism in a freshwater atyid shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea) with direct development: a geometric morphometrics approach
FIGURE 2. Scatter plot of first versus second principal component axes for the total variation of the carapace shape for females, juvenile females and males of Neocaridina davidi.
Pre- and postnatal noise directly impairs avian development, with fitness consequences
<p><span>Noise pollution is expanding at an unprecedented rate and </span><span>is</span><span> increasingly associated with impaired reproduction and development across taxa. However, whether noise soundwaves are intrinsically harmful for developing young – or merely disturb parents – and the fitness consequences of early exposure </span><span>remains</span><span> unknown. Here, </span><span>by only manipulating the offspring</span><span>, we </span><span>show</span><span> that sole exposure to noise in early-life </span><span>in zebra finches </span><span>has fitness consequences, </span><span>and causes</span><span> embryonic death during exposure. </span><span>Exposure to </span><span>pre- and postnatal traffic noise cumulatively impaired nestling growth and physiology, and </span><span>aggravated telomere shortening </span><span>across life stages </span><span>until adulthood</span><span>. Consistent with a long-term somatic impact, early-life noise exposure, especially prenatally, decreased individual offspring production throughout adulthood. Our findings </span><span>suggest the </span><span>effects of noise pollution </span><span>are more pervasive </span><span>than previously realized.</span></p>
Assessing size at sexual maturity and fine-scale population structure in a direct developing whelk (Buccinum undatum) in Southern Newfoundland, Canada
<p>R script file used to filter genotype data, estimate L50, and analyze patterns of population structure of <em>Buccinum undatum </em>in Southern Newfoundland, Canada. Also included are the following files required to run the script:</p> <p>populationsNWA.snps.vcf - Northwest Atlantic group output at the conclusion of the Stacks de novo pipeline<br>pop_map_NWA.txt - Population map for the Northwest Atlantic group<br>genlightNWAFullFilt.rds - Filtered genotype data for the Northwest Atlantic group<br>populations3Ps.snps.vcf - 3Ps group output at the conclusion of the Stacks de novo pipeline <br>pop_map_3Ps.txt - Population map for the 3Ps group<br>genlight3PsFullFilt.rds - Filtered genotype data for the 3Ps group<br>maturity_data.csv - Data set containing, shell length, sex, and maturity status for samples.<br>sample_site_coordinates_3Ps.csv - Data set containing coordinates of 3Ps sample sites</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 3 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords
Fig. 3 Ultrastructural details of the developing nervous system Balanoglossus misakiensis. a Sagittal section of an Agassiz stage larva of B. misakiensis. b Sagittal section of a 2-gill-slit juvenile of B. misakiensis. c Ultrastructural detail of the red-marked box in a showing a continuous layer of neurites of 4–6-μm thickness in the Agassiz stage. Inset color-coded image of the micrograph shown in c. d Ultrastructural detail of the red-marked box in b showing only individual basiepidermal
Fig. 7 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords
Fig. 7 Ultrastructural details of the developing nervous system in Saccoglossus kowalevskii. a Sagittal section of a 1-gill-slit hatchling of S. kowalevskii. b Ultrastructural detail of the red-marked box in a showing a continuous layer of neurites of 2–4-μm thickness. c Colorcoded image of the micrograph shown in b. d Sagittal section of a 2- gill-slit juvenile of S. kowalevskii. e Ultrastructural detail of the redmarked box in c showing only single and scattered, small neurite
Fig. 1 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords
Fig. 1 Phylogenetic relationships of major metazoan taxa compiled from recent molecular analyses (i.e., Hejnol et al. 2009; Philippe et al. 2011). Schematic representation of the adult nervous system is included for each taxon. For more information, see text
Fig. 2 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords
Fig. 2 Neurogenesis in metamorphosing stages of B. misakiensis. b, c, e–k Z-projections of confocal microscopy image stacks. a, d Scanning electron micrographs. Anterior is to the top. a SEM of early metamorphosing stage (Spengel) from lateral left. Arrowhead points to the dorsolateral slit-like depression. b Overview of the serotonin-LIR nervous system (NS) in Spengel stage, view from left. Numerous serotonin-LIR neurons are part of the apical organ. Note the serotonin-LIR opisthotroch neurite ring. c Overview of the serotonin-LIR NS of a late metamorphosing stage (Agassiz), dorsal view. d Dorsal view of metamorphosing Agassiz stage. e Detail showing the developing 5-HT+ nervous plexus in the postoral region of the Spengel stage. f Close-up of the 5-HT+ apical organ
Dataset of "What Should Developers Be Aware Of? An Empirical Study on the Directives of API Documentation"
<p>Dataset of <em>What Should Developers Be Aware Of? An Empirical Study on the Directives of API Documentation</em> (Martin Monperrus, Michael Eichberg, Elif Tekes, Mira Mezini), In Empirical Software Engineering, Springer, 2011.</p> <p><br> * dataset-src.tar.bz2 contains the source code of the Java libraries used as raw data.<br> * dataset.xml.bz2 contains the API documentation extracted from source code.<br> * directives.xml.bz2 contains the API directives found during the exploratory case study.<br> * directive-appendix.pdf is a human-readable PDF version of directives.xml.bz2.<br> <br> All datasets are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License: if you use them, please cite:<br> </p>
Fig. 6 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords
Fig. 6 Neurogenesis in S. kowalevskii. a–C, f–k, m–o Z-projections of confocal microscopy image stacks. d, e, l Scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Anterior is to the right and ventral to the bottom in all images. a Overview of a dorsal kink stage. Serotonin-LIR neurons are present in the proboscis epidermis. Note the larval apical ciliary tuft. b Detail showing the developing nervous plexus in the trunk region of a dorsal kink stage. c Partial Z-projection of the anterior tip of a dorsal kink stage highlighting the absence of serotonin-LIR somata from the apical plate. d SEM of dorsal kink stage. e SEM of 1-gill-slit stage. f Partial Z-projection of the anterior tip of a 1-gill-slit stage. g Detail showing an elaborate 5-HT+ nervous plexus in the trunk region of the 1-gill-slit stage. h Overview of a 1-gill-slit stage showing the entire serotonin-LIR nervous system. i Close-up of the dorsal collar region demonstrating the 5-HT+ part in the neurulating collar cord. Double arrowheads point to dorsal connections of the anterior portion of the collar cord that is still in contact with the epidermis. k Overview of the serotonin-LIR nervous system of a 3-gill-slit juvenile. l SEM of a 3-gill-slit juvenile in lateral view. m Detail of the anterior trunk region of a 3-gill-slit juvenile showing scattered serotoninLIR bipolar neurons projecting into the ventral neurite bundle. n Detail of two biploar neurons within the proboscis epidermis. o Detail of the collar region showing 5-HT+ neurites within the subepidermal collar cord. 5- HT, serotonin; ac-α-tub, acetylated α-tubulin; at, apical tuft; cn, circumferential neurite; cc, collar cord; co, collar; dnb, dorsal neurite bundle; ep, epidermis; gs, gill slit; ms, mesocoel; nn, nervous plexus; ot, opisthotroch; pat, postanal tail; pc, protocoel; pf, perianal field; ph, pharynx; pr, proboscis; ps, proboscis stem; sn, serotonin-LIR neuron; tr, trunk; vnb, ventral neurite bundle
Fig. 5 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords
Fig. 5 Neurogenesis in the 2-gill slit juvenile of B. misakiensis. a, b Scanning electron micrographs: c–i Z-projections of confocal microscopy image stacks. Anterior is to the right. a Dorsolateral view of a 3-day-old settled juvenile. b Higher magnification of the two gill slits and the dorsal tongue bars. c Overview of the 5-HT+ NS of a 3-day-old juvenile. d The collar cord is composed of three 5-HT+ neurite bundles of which the median one projects posteriorly into the dorsal nerve cord. e Detail of the ventral 5-HT+ neurite bundle with numerous incoming circular neurites emerging from lateral bipolar neurons. f Detail of the anterior part of the dorsal 5-HT+ neurite bundle and epidermal collar region. This part is discontinuous with the posterior part of the 5- HT neurite bundle shown in g, see also double arrowheads and dashed area. g The posterior part of the dorsal 5-HT+ neurite bundle contains few serotonin-LIR neurites and is discontinuous with the anterior part of the 5- HT neurite bundle, see double arrowheads and dashed area. h Partial Zprojection of a sagittal scan of the dorsal collar region. The collar cord comprises ventral neurite bundles and a dorsal sheath of somata, which are not serotonin-LIR positive. i Close-up of a part of the proboscis region showing the 5-HT+ bipolar neurons and the basiepidermal nervous plexus. 5-HT, serotonin; a, anus; ac-α-tub, acetylated α-tubulin; cn, circumferential neurite; cc, collar cord; ci, cilia; co, collar; dnb, dorsal neurite bundle; ep, epidermis; gs, gill slit; msp, mesocoel pore; nn, nervous plexus; onr, opisthotroch nerve ring; pnr, prebranchial nerve ring; pr, proboscis; ps, proboscis stem; sn, serotonin-LIR neuron; tb, tongue bar; tm, trunk musculature; vnb, ventral neurite bundle
Fig. 4 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords
Fig. 4 Neurogenesis in early settled stages of B. misakiensis. a, c–i, l, m Z-projections of confocal microscopy image stacks. b, k Scanning electron micrographs. a Ventrolateral overview of the serotonin-LIR NS of an early settled juvenile. Anterior is to the left. b Left side view of early settled juvenile. c Detail of the anterior trunk region of early settled juvenile showing a ubiquitous basiepidermal nervous plexus. d Partial Z-projection showing the longitudinally orientated neurites within the collar region. e Detail of the 5-HT+ proboscis plexus at the base of the proboscis and the neurite bundles passing through the subepidermal collar cord. f, g Close-up of the gill pore and mesocoelic pore showing the prebranchial nerve ring and the nervous plexus entangling the mesocoelic duct in f. h SEM of a settled juvenile in lateral right view. i Close-up of the apical tip of the proboscis. k Detail of the dorsolateral collar region showing two clusters of 5-HT+ bipolar neurons that encircle the collar. l Overview of the 5-HT+ NS of a settled juvenile 24-h postsettlement, lateral right view. m Detail showing circular 5-HT+ neurites within the posterior part of the trunk whereas more anterior a net-like pattern is still present. The apical tuft and cluster of 5-HT+ somata has disappeared. Apical is to the top. 5-HT, serotonin; ac-α-tub, acetylated α-tubulin; a, anus; ao, apical organ; cgn, ciliary groove nerves; cn, circumferential neurite; cc, collar cord; co, collar; gs, gill slit; mcb, middle circular neurite bundle; msp, mesocoel pore; ne, neurite; nn, nervous plexus; onr, opisthotroch nerve ring; pnr, prebranchial nerve ring; pr, proboscis; ps, proboscis stem; sn, serotonin-LIR neuron; tr, trunk; vnb, ventral neurite bundle
Fig. 4 in Molecular Evidence For Direct Development In The Rhacophorid Frog, Philautus Acutus (Rhacophoridae, Anura) From Borneo
Fig. 4. Consensus dendrogram of neighbour joining bootstrapping analysis illustrating distances of 12S and 16S rDNA sequences. The four Philautus acutus specimens are conspecific.
Fig. 2 in Molecular Evidence For Direct Development In The Rhacophorid Frog, Philautus Acutus (Rhacophoridae, Anura) From Borneo
Fig. 2. Colouration in life of Philautus acutus, from Gunung Mulu,Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo). Daytime colouration of specimen somewhat stressed during photography.
Fig. 3 in Molecular Evidence For Direct Development In The Rhacophorid Frog, Philautus Acutus (Rhacophoridae, Anura) From Borneo
Fig. 3. Eggs with froglets assigned to Philautus acutus, from Gunung Mulu, Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo): a, close-up of two eggs, containing froglets; b, close-up of a single egg. Note the bright iris colouration of the froglet and the opaque yellow outer jelly capsule of the eggs; c, dorsal view of froglet in the vitelline layer, after compact outer jelly capsule was removed. Note X-shaped pattern on dorsum and reduced tail with blood vessels. d, ventral view of froglet in vitelline layer, with compact outer jelly capsule removed. Note gut filled with yolk visible through skin and scattered iridophores.
NEMARCO project: Dataset for the publication "Development of a new manufacturing route for NiCrSiFeB alloys by Direct Energy Deposition Laser Beam process (LMD)"
<p><strong>LMD dataset</strong></p> <p>This dataset gathers data from different parts of the Laser Metal Deposition metal Additive Manufacturing process (DED-LB). The dataset covers not only the process development data for samples manufacturing and monitored data of the melt pool size during the process, but also the metrics associated to the powder feedstock consumption, energy consumption and process efficiency.</p> <p><strong>Motivation</strong></p> <p>Nickel-based NiCrSiFeB alloy (Ni-Cr-Si-B self-fluxing family) are excellent candidates for replacing Cobalt-based alloys in aeronautical components such as sealing rings, valve seats, sliding bearing seats, etc. In this type of components, commonly manufactured by centrifugal casting and conventional processes, high temperature wear and stiffness under complex thermo-mechanical stresses cause lack of sealing and an increase in the wear rate. Metal additive manufacturing by direct laser metal deposition with powder (p-LMD) is presented as a potential manufacturing route for the complex processing of this type of alloys. This research work deals with the development of a new manufacturing route using p-LMD that ranges from the proper selection of the chemical composition for the starting powders, the development of the LMD process parameters to tackle the challenges associated to the wide solidification range and crack susceptibility of Ni-Cr-Si-B alloys, its monitoring and control, as well as the post- processing required to achieve the manufacture of aeronautical components.</p>
Pre- and postnatal noise directly impairs avian development, with fitness consequences
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Habitat deterioration promotes the evolution of direct development in metamorphosing species
<p>Although metamorphosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, several species have evolved life cycle modifications to avoid complete metamorphosis. Some species, e.g., many salamanders and newts, have deleted the adult stage via a process called paedomorphosis. Others, e.g., some frog species and marine invertebrates, no longer have a distinct larval stage and reach maturation via direct development. Here we study which ecological conditions can lead to the loss of metamorphosis via the evolution of direct development. To do so, we use size-structured consumer-resource models in conjunction with the adaptive-dynamics approach. In case the larval habitat deteriorates, individuals will produce larger offspring and in concert accelerate metamorphosis. While this leads to the evolutionary transition from metamorphosis to direct development when the adult habitat is highly favourable, the population will go extinct in case the adult habitat does not provide sufficient food in order to escape metamorphosis. With a phylogenetic approach we furthermore show that among amphibians the transition of metamorphosis to direct development is indeed, in line with model predictions, conditional on and preceded by the evolution of larger egg sizes.</p>
Weekly travel times by direction and sample count for each link in Development of AIS Model of Texas Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Travel Times
<p>Excel spreadsheet containing all of the travel times and sample counts for each link (by direction).</p>
Environmental heterogeneity shapes physiological traits in tropical direct-developing frogs
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. Tropical ectotherm species tend to have narrower physiological limits than species from temperate areas. As a consequence, tropical species are considered highly vulnerable to climate change since minor temperature increases can push them beyond their physiological thermal tolerance. Differences in physiological tolerances can also be seen at finer evolutionary scales, such as among populations of ectotherm species along elevation gradients, highlighting the physiological sensitivity of such organisms.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Here we analyze the influence of elevation and bioclimatic domains, defined by temperature and precipitation, on thermal sensitivities of a terrestrial direct-developing frog (<i>Craugastor loki)</i> in a tropical gradient. We address the following questions: <i>i</i>) Does preferred temperature vary with elevation and among bioclimatic domains? <i>ii</i>)<i> </i>Do thermal tolerance limits, i.e. critical thermal maximum and critical thermal minimum vary with elevation and bioclimatic domains?, and <i>iii</i>) Are populations from high elevations more vulnerable to climate warming? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. We found that along an elevation gradient body temperature decreases as environmental temperature increases. The preferred temperature tends to moderately increase with elevation within the sampled bioclimatic domains. Our results indicate that the ideal thermal landscape for this species is located at mid-elevations, where the thermal accuracy (<i>db</i>) and thermal quality of the environment (<i>de</i>) are suitable. The critical thermal maximum is variable across elevations and among the bioclimatic domains, decreasing as elevation increases. Conversely, the critical thermal minimum is not as variable as the critical thermal maximum. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Populations from the lowlands may be more vulnerable to future increases in temperature. We highlight that the critical thermal maximum is related to high temperatures exhibited across the elevation gradient and within in each bioclimatic domain, therefore, it is a response to high environmental temperatures.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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