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8 results for “distance gradient”
Influence of Paleolithic Range Contraction, Admixture and Long-Distance Dispersal on Genetic Gradients of Modern Humans in Asia
<p>Each folder is identified according to the scenario, and contains another folder with the input files (files *.txt, *.par, *.sam, *.asc) to simulate it, the corresponding simulated genetic data (files *.arp) and the derived PC maps (files *.png). A file with the locations of the samples is also included (coord.txt).</p> <p>* Pure Paleolithic expansion * <br> The folder “Paleo” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion, ignoring the range contraction induced by the LGM and LDD events.</p> <p>* Pure Paleolithic expansion considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM.</p> <p> * Pure Paleolithic expansion considering long-distance dispersal (LDD) events * <br> The folder “Paleo_LDD” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo2NeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and later from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo2NeoIR0_LDD” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions from Middle East and later from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from Middle East considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES) and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from Middle East considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES) the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from Middle East considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR004_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0.04) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from Middle East considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR004_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events.</p>
Neutral processes related to regional bee commonness and dispersal distances are important predictors of plant-pollinator networks along gradients of climate and landscape conditions
<p>Understanding how niche-based and neutral processes contribute to the spatial variation in plant-pollinator interactions is central to designing effective pollination conservation schemes. Such schemes are needed to reverse declines of wild bees and other pollinating insects and to promote pollination services to wild and cultivated plants. We used data on wild bee interactions with plants belonging to the four tribes Loteae, Trifolieae, Anthemideae, and either spring- or summer-flowering Cichorieae, sampled systematically along a 682km latitudinal gradient to build models that allowed us to (a) predict occurrences of pairwise bee-flower interactions across 115 sampling locations, and (b) estimate the contribution of variables hypothesized to be related to niche-based assembly structuring processes (viz. annual mean temperature, landscape diversity, bee sociality, bee phenology, and flower preferences of bees) and neutral processes (viz. regional commonness and dispersal distance to conspecifics). While neutral processes were important predictors of plant-pollinator distributions, niche-based processes were reflected in the contrasting distributions of solitary bee and bumble bees along the temperature gradient, and in the influence of bee flower preferences on the distribution of bee species across plant types. In particular, bee flower preferences separated bees into three main groups, albeit with some overlap: visitors to spring-flowering Cichorieae; visitors to Anthemideae and summer-flowering Cichorieae; and visitors to Trifolieae and Loteae. Our findings suggest that both neutral and niche-based processes are significant contributors to the spatial distribution of plant-pollinator interactions so that conservation actions in our region should be directed towards areas: near high concentrations of known occurrences of regionally rare bees; in mild climatic conditions; and that are surrounded by heterogeneous landscapes. Given the observed niche-based differences, the proportion of functionally distinct plants in flower-mixes could be chosen to target bee species, or guilds, of conservation concern.</p>
Neutral processes related to regional bee commonness and dispersal distances are important predictors of plant-pollinator networks along gradients of climate and landscape conditions
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Data from: Influence of paleolithic range contraction, admixture and long-distance dispersal on genetic gradients of modern humans in Asia
<p>Cavalli-Sforza and coauthors originally explored the genetic variation of modern humans throughout the world and observed an overall east-west genetic gradient in Asia. However, the specific environmental and population genetics processes causing this gradient were not formally investigated and promoted discussion in recent studies. Here we studied the influence of diverse environmental and population genetics processes on Asian genetic gradients and identified which could have produced the observed gradient. To do so, we performed extensive spatially-explicit computer simulations of genetic data under the following scenarios: (<i>i</i>) variable levels of admixture between Paleolithic and Neolithic populations, (<i>ii</i>) migration through long-distance dispersal (LDD), (<i>iii</i>) Paleolithic range contraction induced by the last glacial maximum (LGM) and, (<i>iv</i>) Neolithic range expansions from one or two geographic origins (the Fertile Crescent and the Yangzi and Yellow River Basins). Next, we estimated genetic gradients from the simulated data and we found that they were sensible to the analyzed processes, especially to the range contraction induced by LGM and to the number of Neolithic expansions. Some scenarios were compatible with the observed east-west genetic gradient, such as the Paleolithic expansion with a range contraction induced by the LGM or two Neolithic range expansions from both the east and the west. In general, LDD increased the variance of genetic gradients among simulations. We interpreted the obtained gradients as a consequence of both <i>allele surfing</i> caused by range expansions and isolation by distance along the vast east-west geographic axis of this continent.</p>
Long-distance electron transfer along redox gradients in the subsurface
<p>Electron transfer (ET) is the fundamental process of life and element cycling. In the subsurface, the distance of ET determines its influencing area, normally as short as nanometers or micrometers. Here we provide direct evidence from column experiments that ET can last over 10 cm along the redox gradient in sediment columns, through a long-distance ET chain constituted by a series of short-distance electron hopping reactions involving with microbes and redox-active species like iron ions (and/or minerals) and natural organic matters. Microbial processes contribute largely under biologically active conditions, while chemical processes are important under extremely acidic/alkaline and cold conditions. Microbial and chemical processes synergistically mediate the long-distance ET process, with an estimated electron flux of 6.73 μmol e<sup>-</sup>/cm<sup>2</sup> per day. This long-distance ET represents an overlooked but important background process influencing subsurface biogeochemical processes and remediation activities.</p>
Data from: Influence of paleolithic range contraction, admixture and long-distance dispersal on genetic gradients of modern humans in Asia
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Long-distance electron transfer along redox gradients in the subsurface
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Data from: Population assignment and local adaptation along an isolation-by-distance gradient in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)
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