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1,513 results for “disturbance”
Disturbance to permanent monitoring plots at GCE sites 1-10, from 2001 to 2024.
We established permanent vegetation monitoring plots in creekbank and midmarsh at GCE sites 1-10 in 2000. A dedicated Juncus zone was later added at sites 10 and 9. Starting in 2001, when we recorded plant sizes, we also noted any disturbance to the plots. Plots were scored as normal (no visible disturbance), disturbed by wrack (wrack present in plots and stems dead or broken), disturbed by snails (>100 Littoraria per square meter and plant biomass low), disturbed by pigs (animal trail through the plot, this mostly happened at site 8 mid-marsh), initial slump (plot at the creekbank sliding into the creek based on movement of pvc poles or formation of a crevasse), and terminal slump (plot had slid far enough down that vegetation had drowned). Plots that experienced terminal slump or could not be found for any reason were scored as lost. Lost plots were replaced with a new plot in the same general area with the plot code incremented by 10. For example if plot 3 was lost, it was replaced by 13, and then in turn by 23.
Disturbance to monitoring plots at Altamaha River Plant Transition Sites SCSA, ZSC1, and ZSC2 from 2013 to 2025.
We established permanent vegetation monitoring plots at Altamaha River plant transition sites in 2012. Starting in 2013, when we recorded plant sizes, we also noted any disturbance to the plots. Plots were scored as normal (no visible disturbance), disturbed by wrack (wrack present in plots and stems dead or broken), disturbed by snails (>100 Littoraria per square meter and plant biomass low), disturbed by pigs (animal trail through the plot), initial slump (plot at the creekbank sliding into the creek based on movement of pvc poles or formation of a crevasse), and terminal slump (plot had slid far enough down that vegetation had drowned). Plots that experienced terminal slump or could not be found for any reason were scored as lost. Lost plots were replaced with a new plot in the same general area with the plot code incremented by 10. For example if plot 3 was lost, it was replaced by 13, and then in turn by 23.
Ungulate-Disturbance Interactions in Hemlock Ecosystems at Harvard Forest 2012-2013
Densities of ungulates are often associated with recent forest disturbances such as fire, logging and insect outbreaks, as increased resources stimulate tree regeneration, leading to abundant available browse. Despite the often significant role that ungulates play in disturbed forests, surprisingly little is known about ungulate-disturbance interactions, and ungulate herbivory is often excluded from examinations of forest response to disturbance. In the Northeastern United States, a large-scale insect outbreak, the hemlock wooly adelgid (HWA), has begun to have important effects on hemlock forests both directly and indirectly (i.e., by preemptive salvage logging). No studies have examined the interactions of both moose and deer activity with these associated canopy disturbances. Our objectives are twofold: to determine (1) the response of ungulates to varying disturbance types and intensities and (2) the influence of ungulate interactions with canopy disturbance on vegetation, other biota, and ecosystem processes. We will examine the relative abundance of moose and deer in four treatments (2 replicates) at the Hemlock Removal Experiment using three indices of ungulate activity: pellet group density, evidence of past browsing on seedlings and saplings, and the occurrence of animals using game cameras. We will also monitor the response of vegetation to ungulate browsing by sampling woody and herbaceous vegetation in fenced exclosures and paired controls in disturbed and undisturbed plots.
Forest disturbances in Europe mapped at high spatial detail and in near-real-time: Logging in protected Estonian forests
<p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p>These datasets were generated for the Geostory "Forest disturbances in Europe mapped at high spatial detail and in near-real-time: Logging in protected Estonian forests" in the context of the Open Earth Monitor Cyberinfrastructure project.</p> <p>We used open source high-resolution Sentinel-1 satellite data to develop a wall-to-wall map of forest disturbances in the four-year period between the start of 2020 and end of 2023 in Estonia. First results are presented. The methodology is based on RADD-alerts developed for the pan-tropics (Reiche et al. 2021). Three years (2017-2019) of imagery was used as a historical period, and detections were generated for ~4 years (2020-2023). Winter images from November through March were not included as frozen conditions can introduce false detections. This will be addressed in the next version. Disclaimer: Disturbance maps have not been validated.</p> <p>Two additional layers are provided for visualization: a forest baseline layer (<em>forestcover</em>), masking out non-forest disturbance detections, was derived from Copernicus 10m 2018 forest cover density and GLAD 30m 2019 tree removal datasets, and a protected areas layer (<em>natura</em>), which displays the extent of Natura 2000 coverage in Estonia.</p> <p>'.SLD' files are provided for visualization (note: the <em>disturbance</em> .SLC file must be adjusted to contain appropriate time reference fields).</p> <p><strong>Naming Convention</strong></p> <p>To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. For instance:</p> <ul> <li>disturbance_radd_c_10m_s_20200101_20200131_eu_epsg.3035_v20240222.tif</li> </ul> <p>with the following fields:</p> <ul> <li>Generic variable name: <strong>disturbance</strong></li> <li>Variable procedure combination i.e. method standard: <strong>radd</strong></li> <li>Position in the probability distribution / variable type: <strong>c</strong></li> <li>Spatial support: <strong>10m</strong></li> <li>Depth reference or depth interval e.g. below ("b"), above ("a") ground or at surface ("s"): <strong>s</strong></li> <li>Time reference begin time (YYYYMMDD): <strong>20200101</strong></li> <li>Time reference end time: <strong>20200131</strong></li> <li>Bounding box (2 letters max): <strong>eu </strong></li> <li>EPSG code: <strong>epsg.3035</strong></li> <li>Version code i.e. creation date: <strong>v20240222</strong></li> </ul> <p><strong>Source Data</strong></p> <p>Disturbance maps:</p> <p>Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2017-2023] and Generated using European Union's EEA-10 Copernicus DEM; https://doi.org/10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65</p> <p>Forest baseline:</p> <p>Generated using European Union's Copernicus Land Monitoring Service information; https://doi.org/10.2909/486f77da-d605-423e-93a9-680760ab6791 and GLAD tree removal; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113797</p> <p>Natura 2000: </p> <p>Generated using European Environmental Agency's Natura 2000 layers; https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/dae737fd-7ee1-4b0a-9eb7-1954eec00c65</p>
Forest structural diversity at NEON sites in the continuous USA that experienced recent moderate disturbance
Disturbances can change the structural diversity of forests through time, which can be measured from three-dimensional data provided by LiDAR. Discrete-return LiDAR was used to measure a suite of 19 structural diversity metrics that describe the height, cover and openness, vegetation density, and internal and external heterogeneity of forest vegetation at NEON base plots. Discrete-return LiDAR point clouds from the NEON Aerial Observation Platform (DP1.30003.001) were downloaded September of 2020 and used to estimate the metrics within 40 x 40 m base plots. Metrics were estimated from base plots at 15 NEON forested sites from provisional LiDAR data available from 2014 to 2020. The workflow that produced the data was developed in the program R.
Critical slowing down: vegetation height, cover and composition assess resilience of tidal fresh, brackish and salt marshes following experimental disturbance at twelve sites across the estuarine landscape
We investigated the relative recovery rates of vegetation cover, vegetation height and community composition over a period of >10 years after experimental disturbance in 12 tidal marshes (two oligohaline, three mesohaline and seven polyhaline sites) across the estuarine landscape on the coast of Georgia, USA. Vegetation was removed from three by three meter plots (four per site) with herbicide in 2006 followed by repeated clipping through 2009. Vegetation height, cover and composition was assessed in experimental and control plots (4 of each per site) from 2010 to 2020. The goal of the study was to assess how quickly the sites recovered from disturbance, how this varied in different types of marshes, and how results varied depending on whether recovery was assessed by vegetation height, cover or composition.
Disturbance and recovery at three headward-eroding creeks on Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA.
We studied the perturbation caused by the movement of headward-eroding creeks onto the marsh platform in southeastern USA salt marshes. Between May and November 2019, we measured the disturbance responses of 19 variables in terms of both magnitude (the difference between perturbed areas and control areas located on the marsh platform) and recovery trajectory (evaluated using a space for time substitution design along a marsh transect that ran the length of the newly-formed creek). Variables measured include stem density, stem height, burrow density, snail density, sediment redox, soil water content, soil salinity, soil organic content, soil pH, soil surface temperature, root biomass, rhizome biomass, concentration of green algae, concentration of cyanobacteria, concentration of diatoms, soil stiffness, light interception by the canopy, marsh soil surface elevation, and number of years since disturbed.
Soil disturbance cover data on 1m x 1m plots from the long-term Small Mammal Exclusion Study (SMES) at Jornada Basin LTER, 1995-2020
This data package contains soil disturbance data from plots with various levels of herbivore exclusion on the Jornada Experimental Range. Study sites were established in 1995; one in black grama grassland and the other in creosotebush shrubland to compare the impact of herbivores on ecosystem processes between these vegetation types. Parallel studies were established at the Sevilleta LTER site (New Mexico, USA) and Mapimi Biosphere Reserve (Durango, Mexico). Each study site is 1 km by 0.5 km in area. Four replicate experimental blocks were randomly located at the grassland study site to measure vegetation responses using exclusion treatments including a) all mammalian herbivores, including cattle, lagomorphs, and rodents, b) lagomorphs and cattle only, c) cattle only, and d) control accessible to all herbivores. Because grazing cattle are excluded from the entire creosote site, only three replicate experimental blocks were randomly located there including a) all mammalian herbivores, including lagomorphs, and rodents, b) lagomorphs only, and c) control accessible to all herbivores. Thirty-six sampling points were positioned at 5.8-meter intervals on a systematically located 6 by 6 point grid within each plot. A permanent one-meter by one-meter vegetation measurement quadrat is located at each of the 36 points. Each year in spring and fall from 1995-2005, various forms of disturbances (human, rabbit, cow, antelope, rodent, etc) were measured by depth . After 2005, sampling frequency changed to every 5 years. This study is ongoing.
Plant Community and Ecosystem Responses to Long-term Fertilization & Disturbance at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (1989 to 2019)
Dataset AbstractThis work is part of the long-term sampling and monitoring of successional dynamics in abandoned fields – and responses to N-fertilization. Data from this research has been, and will continue to, contribute to LTER cross-site analysis of plant community dynamics, diversity-productivity, and responses to fertilization and disturbance.N-fertilized and tilled (disturbed) microplots are located in the NW corner of all treatment 7 (early successional communities) on the LTER main site. Experimental treatments are: 1) Nitrogen addition vs. no nitrogen addition and 2) Annual disturbance vs. undisturbedoriginal data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/60
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Material legacy disturbance type model; data for Kopecky et al., 2023 Ecology
This data package contains the code necessary to create a mathematical model of coral reef recovery dynamics following different types and intensities of disturbances that either remove dead coral skeletons (e.g., tropical storms) or leave standing dead skeletons (e.g., coral bleaching) and run associated analyses. We explored the sensitivity of the model to variation in key parameters, such as the strength of herbivory, and the degree to which dead skeletons protect algae from herbivory. Further, we assessed disturbance intensities and values of these parameters that lead to shifts between coral and macroalgae-dominated reefs. This code was published in Ecology and were a part of the thesis of K. Kopecky (2023). Analyses and full methods descriptions of this model can be found in the manuscript “Material legacies can degrade resilience: Structure-retaining disturbances promote regime shifts on coral reefs” (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4006). No novel data were used or generated in this study. This manuscript uses data collected by the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research (MCR LTER) site under Grant No. OCE 2224354 (and earlier awards). Additional financial support to the MCR LTER site was provided through a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2023).
Plant Removal Study: Recovery of Vegetation Following Disturbance at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
In 1995, a removal study was initiated at the Sevilleta LTER to examine the response of vegetation following the removal of dominant species. Five sites were selected that were dominated by either blue grama (site 1), blue and black grama (site 2), black grama (site 3), black grama and creosote (site 4), or creosote (site 5). A sixth site was later added in the blue grama community along the foothills of the Los Pinos Mountains (site 6). At sites 1, 3, 5, and 6, five 3m x 4m plots had all plants of the dominant species removed; five 3m x 4m plots were controls. At site 2, 5 plots had blue grama removed, 5 plots had black grama removed, and 5 plots were controls. At site 4, 5 plots had black grama removed, 5 plots had creosote removed, and 5 plots were controls. Initial cover prior to removal was estimated by species for each plot. Grass was removed using a shovel to collect above-ground biomass and crowns just below the soil surface. Shrubs were removed using large clippers to collect above-ground biomass to the soil surface. All biomass removed was bagged, dried, and weighed. Plot maintenance or removal of the target dominant species is performed annually or as needed. Rain gauges were installed at each site and the corners of the areas containing each set of plots GPS'd. Plot corners are marked by nails and are flagged periodically to aid identification and minimize foot traffic in the plots. Each northeast nail has a metal tag with site and plot number on it. Erosion bridges (1 m long) were installed in plots 1, 3 and 5 (removals and controls) at sites 1-5. Initial measurements were made in 1996.
Literature survey of seagrass disturbance-recovery studies up to May 2022
To provide context for the seagrass recovery experiment (SRE) a literature synthesis was conducted on prior studies of seagrass disturbance and recovery. The synthesis provided evidence that 1) less than half (47%) of all seagrass species have been included, 2) were primarily on monospecific meadows of Zostera, 3) where experimental, mostly done on small spatial scales (median = 0.25 m2), and 4) that there is a positive, non-linear relationship between recovery time and disturbance area. Most meadows had some, if not full recovery during the study period suggesting that seagrass meadows are stable across a broad set of conditions.
Data and Code for Lowman et al. 2024, Macroscale controls determine the recovery of river ecosystem productivity following flood disturbances
<p>Data and code for analyses in Lowman et al. 2024, Macroscale controls determine the recovery of river ecosystem productivity following flood disturbances.</p> <p>See publication and ReadMe file for analysis description and further details. </p>
Benthic community response to different disturbance type events across six islands between two timepoints in the Central Pacific
A coral reef's response to disturbance can be driven by various factors including community composition. This dataset highlights benthic cover and its changes between two timepoints at six islands across the central Pacific. The survey islands include Ant Atoll, Pakin Atoll, and Pohnpei located within the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) as well as Upon and Savai'i in Samoa and Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. Survey years differed between sites but all sites had an estimated two-year time-difference between resampling. To extract benthic cover, photos were annotated using randomized points and labeled to their highest taxonomic resolution, down to genus-level for hard corals. Both abiotic and biotic substrate were identified and major functional groups included: hard corals, soft corals, invertebrates, turf algae, Halimeda spp., crustose coralline algae, and other (sand/debris/etc.). Disturbance type and community composition at the initial survey period drove changes in percent cover for major functional groups. Data was collected by annotating photos from transect surveys on a coral reef. This effort was completed by the 2020 SIO 'Pop-up' SURF REU that was formed in rapid response due to COVID-19 research limitations.
Comparing effects of auditory and visual disturbances on smallmouth bass parental care behaviors during the summer of 2025 at Douglas Lake, Michigan, USA
A prevalent source of sensory pollution within aquatic systems is recreational motorboats that can impact aquatic organisms through several exposure mechanisms. Auditory and visual sensory disturbances are particularly important as fish may utilize these cues during critical reproductive behaviors such as parental care. Here, we conducted a field study in Douglas Lake, Michigan, and located wild smallouth bass nests actively guarded by males. We exposed smallmouth bass to two sequential treatments of playback auditory noise and visual disturbances. Using an underwater drone, parental care behaviors of smallmouth bass were monitored before, during, and after both auditory and visual disturbances. The results show that auditory and visual disturbances may alter smallmouth bass parental care behaviors differently.
Fire-severity effects on plant-fungal interactions after a novel tundra wildfire disturbance: implications for arctic shrub and tree migration
Background-Vegetation change in high latitude tundra ecosystems is expected to accelerate due to increased wildfire activity. High-severity fires increase the availability of mineral soil seedbeds, which facilitates recruitment, yet fire also alters soil microbial composition, which could significantly impact seedling establishment. Results - We investigated the effects of fire severity on soil biota and associated effects on plant performance for two plant species predicted to expand into Arctic tundra. We inoculated seedlings in a growth chamber experiment with soils collected from the largest tundra fire recorded in the Arctic and used molecular tools to characterize root-associated fungal communities. Seedling biomass was significantly related to the composition of fungal inoculum. Biomass decreased as fire severity increased and the proportion of pathogenic fungi increased. Conclusions - Our results suggest that effects of fire severity on soil biota reduces seedling performance and thus we hypothesize that in certain ecological contexts fire-severity effects on plant-fungal interactions may dampen the expected increases in tree and shrub establishment after tundra fire.
Disturbance and recovery of salt marsh arthropod communities in Louisiana and Mississippi following the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
Oil spills represent a major environmental threat to coastal wetlands, which provide a variety of critical ecosystem services to humanity. The U.S. Gulf of Mexico is a hub of oil and gas exploration and production with recognized consequences on intertidal habitats, such as the salt marsh. Following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, we sampled the marine invertebrate and the terrestrial arthropod community found in stands of Spartina alterniflora, the most abundant plant in coastal salt marshes, in 2010 as oil was washing ashore and a year later in 2011. In 2010, intertidal crabs and terrestrial arthropods (insects and spiders) were suppressed by oil exposure even in seemingly unaffected stands of plants; however, Littoraria snails appeared unaffected. One year later, crab and arthropods appeared to have largely recovered. Our work is the first attempt that we know of assessing vulnerability of the salt marsh arthropod community to oil exposure, and it suggests that arthropods are both quite vulnerable to oil exposure, and quite resilient, able to recover from exposure within a year if host plants remain healthy. BP's Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf Coast presented an opportunity to understand how stress from an oil spill might affect variables that we were measuring in the area. The study was conducted at sites in Louisiana and Mississippi. At each site, a 100m transect was sampled within 5m of the dead zone boundary. Sampling was conducted in August 2010 and August 2011. The number of sites and location of sites differed slightly among years.
Experimental wrack disturbance at four times during the growing season
Using a field experiment on the Georgia coast, we simulated the effects of wrack disturbance on the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. We simulated wrack disturbance on four different dates by covering selected plot with 10 cm of wrack collected nearby on March 18, May 27, July 15 or September 7. Wrack was fixed to the marsh surface with string so that it could not wash away. We also simulated the mechanical disturbance created by wrack but without the input of organic matter by clipping selected plots at the soil surface on the same dates. We measured plant heights in a 50 cm×50 cm quadrat centered in each plot before the first treatments were conducted in March, again on May 9, and every two weeks thereafter until plots were harvested. We also recorded the status of flowering in the late of the growing season.The center 50 × 50 cm of each plot was harvested by clipping stems at the soil surface on October 5-6, 2015. We measured the height and flowering status of each stem, and counted the number of stem-boring insects present in each stem by splitting the stem open. Data include plant height, flowering status and stem bored status.
Quarterly disturbance observations to three GCE LTER permanent monitoring plots (7,8,9) and three Altamaha River plant transition sites (SCSA,ZSC1,ZSC2) following hurricane Irma from October 2017 through October 2018.
To access the effect of hurricane Irma on the GCE domain, yearly monitoring of species and size distribution of plants at three GCE LTER sampling sites (7, 8, 9) and three Altamaha plant transition sites (SCSA, ZSC1, ZSC2) was expanded to quarterly sampling between October 2017 and October 2018. We established permanent vegetation monitoring plots in creekbank and midmarsh at GCE sites 1-10 in 2000. A dedicated Juncus zone was later added at sites 10 and 9. We established creekbank permanent vegetation monitoring plots in three plant transition zones along the Altamaha River in 2012. When we recorded plant sizes, we also noted any disturbance to the plots. Plots were scored as normal (no visible disturbance), disturbed by wrack (wrack present in plots and stems dead or broken), disturbed by snails (>100 Littoraria per square meter and plant biomass low), disturbed by pigs (animal trail through the plot, this mostly happened at site 8 mid-marsh), initial slump (plot at the creekbank sliding into the creek based on movement of pvc poles or formation of a crevasse), and terminal slump (plot had slid far enough down that vegetation had drowned). Plots that experienced terminal slump or could not be found for any reason were scored as lost. Lost plots were replaced with a new plot in the same general area with the plot code incremented by 10. For example if plot 3 was lost, it was replaced by 13, and then in turn by 23. October data are duplicates of data from the annual fall monitoring data sets but are included here for completeness.
Shrimp populations variability in numbers and sizes in response to disturbance and seasons on 20 pools along the reach of Quebrada Prieta, Luquillo Experimental Forest
Shrimp populations were monitored at approximately 3 week intervals to determine the variability in numbers and sizes of each species in response to disturbance and seasons. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
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