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18 results for “dryland ecosystems”
Data for: Herbivores disrupt the flow of food resources to termites in dryland ecosystems
<p><span>Irruption of herbivore populations due to the extirpation of predators has led to dramatic changes in ecosystem functioning worldwide. Herbivores compete with other species for their primary source of nutrition, plant biomass. Such competition is typically considered to occur between species in closely related clades and functional groups but could also occur with detritivores that consume senescent plant biomass. Here, we test predictions that herbivores' indirect impacts on dead vegetation increase with primary productivity and extend to termites which feed on senescent vegetation. We compared dead vegetation cover and termite activity in herbivore exclosures and associated grazed plots at 3 locations situated along a rainfall gradient in arid Australia where kangaroo populations have irrupted. Dead vegetation cover and termite activity increased with rainfall in ungrazed plots but showed a negligible response to rainfall in grazed plots. Our results suggest that grazing can disrupt the flow of energy to detritivores and decouple the relationship between termite activity and primary productivity. Such disruption could have far-reaching impacts on arid ecosystems because many organisms sit within "brown food webs" that are sustained by energy derived from decomposition of senescent plant-tissues. </span></p>
Data for: Herbivores disrupt the flow of food resources to termites in dryland ecosystems
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Predictability of abrupt shifts in dryland ecosystem functioning
<p>Data and code accompanying the paper:</p> <p>Bernardino, P., De Keersmaecker, W., Horion, S., Oehmcke, S., Gieseke, F., Fensholt, R., Van De Kerchove, R., Lhermitte, S., Abel, C., Van Meerbeek, K., Verbesselt, J., and Somers, B. 2024. Predictability of abrupt shifts in dryland ecosystem functioning. Nature Climate Change, doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02201-0.</p> <p> </p>
Functional composition of plant communities mediates biomass effects on ecosystem service recovery across an experimental dryland restoration network
<p>Land degradation can result in a loss of critical ecosystem services that we often seek to restore through re-establishment of desired plant communities. Trait-based approaches have the potential to target specific ecosystem services based on associations between the functional composition of plant communities and ecosystem properties that serve as indicators of those services. The effect of functional composition on ecosystem recovery may depend on the amount of restored plant biomass, itself a supporting service frequently targeted in restoration efforts. Yet, interactions between functional composition and biomass are not formally integrated into trait-based analytical frameworks. We tested the hypothesis that functional composition of plant communities both drives, and interacts with, biomass production to influence indicators of soil functioning and weed suppression across a network of degraded dryland restoration experiments. This networked approach allowed us to identify generalized effects of functional composition on ecosystem recovery across a range of dryland climate conditions. Climate had a substantial effect on ecosystem indicators, with weed cover and soil surface stability increasing in more arid climates, water infiltration increasing with precipitation, and aggregate structure increasing with less freezing. After accounting for climate effects across study sites, we found significant effects of community-weighted mean (CWM) trait values on biomass, particularly a positive effect of leaf carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and of CWM-biomass interactions on other ecosystem indicators. Cover of exotic species was reduced in restored communities with a combination of low leaf dry matter content and high biomass, soil water infiltration increased with lower specific root length and high biomass, and soil aggregate stability increased with higher root dry matter content and high biomass, among other effects. Functional diversity had no significant effects on any ecosystem indicators. Synthesis: The influence of community functional composition on ecosystem properties increases with community biomass, particularly in disturbed or low productivity systems. This suggests that active management should not only focus on trait values that optimize individual ecosystem indicators, but also how those functional strategies are complementary or counter to those that increase biomass.</p>
Warming decreases desert ecosystem functioning by altering biocrusts in drylands
<p><span>Warming and precipitation fluctuations are changing desert ecosystems in global drylands. However, the effects of climate change on keystone species such as cryptogamic biocrust in drylands remain relatively under-investigated, even though biocrusts play a vital role in desert ecosystems. </span><span>We conducted a long-term experiment (14 years) to simulate the responses of two main types of biocrusts to warming coupled with reduction in precipitation that was achieved by open-top chambers (OTCs) to simulate the predicted warming and precipitation decreasing under climate change scenario. We also conduct a structural analysis to evaluate the resulting changes in desert ecosystem functioning (carbon and nitrogen cycling).</span><span> </span><span>Neither warming and corresponding rainfall reduction treatments had a negative effect on lichen species richness, but both treatments reduced lichen cover and biomass. The negative effects of warming on moss-dominated crusts were much greater than those on lichen-dominated crusts. Although mosses and lichens had varying degrees of response to warming, the loss of mosses and decreased lichen cover and biomass, as well as the shortening of the wet time, resulted in a reduction in carbon and nitrogen fixation, soil enzyme activity and water-holding capacity of biocrusts and topsoil. These impacts collectively change the water balance of drylands and weaken the hydrological and biogeochemical function of biocrusts. </span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis and applications</em>:</span><span> Results from this long-term experiment suggest that the ecosystem C and N cycling and water balance of global drylands may be highly impacted by climate change, in part because of the response of biocrusts, which contribute an important implication for both dryland restoration and earth system dynamics.</span></p>
Warming decreases desert ecosystem functioning by altering biocrusts in drylands
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Data from: A trait-based approach elucidates the synergies and vulnerabilities of ecosystem services in drylands, as well as their decoupling from biodiversity
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Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services and economics in dryland cover crop systems
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Data from: Vascular plants promote moss crust restoration by softening the microenvironment near soil surface in dryland ecosystems
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Functional composition of plant communities mediates biomass effects on ecosystem service recovery across an experimental dryland restoration network
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Data for: Precipitation legacies amplify ecosystem nitrogen losses from nitric oxide emissions in a Pinyon-Juniper dryland
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Climatic controls on soil carbon accumulation and loss in a dryland ecosystem
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Arid and semiarid ecosystems drive year-to-year variability in the strength of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink, yet there is uncertainty about how soil C gains and losses contribute to this variation. To address this knowledge gap, we embedded C-depleted soil mesocosms, containing litter or biocrust C inputs, within an <i>in situ</i> dryland ecosystem warming experiment. Over the course of one year, changes in microbial biomass and total soil organic C pools were monitored alongside hourly measurements of soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux. We also developed a biogeochemical model to explore the mechanisms that gave rise to observed soil C dynamics. Field data and model simulations demonstrated that water exerted much stronger control on soil biogeochemistry than temperature, with precipitation events triggering large CO<sub>2</sub> pulses and transport of litter- and biocrust-derived C into the soil profile. We expected leaching of organic matter would result in steady accumulation of C within the mineral soil over time. Instead, the size of the total organic C pool fluctuated throughout the year, largely in response to microbial growth: increases in the size of microbial biomass were negatively correlated with the quantity of C residing in the top 2 cm, where most biogeochemical changes were observed. Our data and models suggest that microbial responses to precipitation events trigger rapid metabolism of dissolved organic C inputs, which strongly limit accumulation of autotroph-derived C belowground. Accordingly, changes in the magnitude and/or frequency of precipitation events in this dryland ecosystem could have profound impacts on the strength of the soil C sink.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Climatic controls on soil carbon accumulation and loss in a dryland ecosystem
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Data from: A morphometric analysis of vegetation patterns in dryland ecosystems
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Data from: Rising variability, not slowing down, as a leading indicator of a stochastically driven abrupt transition in a dryland ecosystem
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Data from: Non-native insects dominate daytime pollination in a high-elevation Hawaiian dryland ecosystem
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Data from: Termite mounds can increase the robustness of dryland ecosystems to climatic change
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Data, code, and outputs for: groundwater-dependent ecosystem map exposes global dryland protection needs
<p>Contains all data and code used to produce results for:</p> <p>Rohde, M.M.<strong>,</strong> C.M. Albano, X. Huggins, K.R. Klausmeyer, C. Morton, A. Sharman, E. Zaveri, L. Saito, Z. Freed, J.K. Howard, N. Job, H. Richter, K. Toderich, A. Rodella, T. Gleeson, J. Huntington, H.A. Chandanpurkar, A.J. Purdy, J.S. Famiglietti, M.B. Singer, D.A. Roberts, K. Caylor, J.C. Stella. 2024<em>.</em> Groundwater-dependent ecosystem map exposes global dryland protection needs. <em>Nature</em>, doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07702-8.</p> <p>The resultant global groundwater-dependent ecosystem interactive webmap is available at <a href="https://codefornature.projects.earthengine.app/view/global-gde">https://codefornature.projects.earthengine.app/view/global-gde</a>.</p> <p>The code is also available at <a href="https://github.com/XanderHuggins/global-gde-map">https://github.com/XanderHuggins/global-gde-map</a>.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.