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Fig. 29 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 29. Current distribution of Streblopus van Lansberge, 1874 and the Old World groups with which it is believed to be more closely related plotted on an Upper Cretaceous palaeomap (~ 80 million years ago). Based particularly on the hypothesis in Tarasov & Génier (2015) that Streblopus is part of a clade otherwise composed uniquely of dung beetle lineages either exclusively distributed in Africa (Circellium, Chalconotus and Gyronotus) or with a distribution largely centred on that continent (Scarabaeini), and on the dating of the origin of the Scarabaeini as 71 million years ago (Gunter et al. 2016), we propose that the lineage that would eventually lead to Streblopus branched off from those groups in Africa some time between 95 and 71 million years ago, and that one of its descendent lineages (the only one living today) dispersed from its original continent to South America during the late Upper Cretaceous or the early Cenozoic. Since Africa and South America have not been connected by land since the Lower Cretaceous, the only way the ancestor of Streblopus could have reached South America was through transoceanic dispersal across the early South Atlantic. That dispersal probably happened by rafting on floating pieces of plants or other debris, as probably occurred with a large number of other organisms. Palaeomap modified from Scotese (2016); distribution area based on Balthasar (1963), Scholtz & Howden (1987), Davis et al. (2008) and our own results.

Fig. 14. Profemora. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 14. Profemora. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). C. ♂. D. ♀. Note the differences between the species and sexes in relation to the overall shape of the profemora and the presence of spurs on the anterior edge in males.

Fig. 12. Pronotum. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 12. Pronotum. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). Note the differences in the umbilicate punctation and colour between the species.

Fig. 1. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A‒B. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 1. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A‒B. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. Lectotype, ♂. C. Dorsal view. D. Attached labels.

Fig. 3 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 3. Streblopus punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). A‒B. Holotype, ♀. A. Dorsal view. B. Attached labels. C‒D. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. C. ♂. D. ♀.

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Figures 15–18. Big Bend desert scrubland habitat. 15 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 15–18. Big Bend desert scrubland habitat. 15) Rocky hillside, Pinto Canyon (Presidio Co.). 16) Rio Grande valley, southeast corner of Presidio Co. (Mexico to the left; United States to the right). 17) Scrub hillside, south Brewster Co. 18) Creek bed, Chinati Hot Springs (Presidio Co.).

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Figures 7–8. Big Bend dung beetles and pitfall trap design. 7 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 7–8. Big Bend dung beetles and pitfall trap design. 7) Big Bend species arranged left to right in order of descending size (scale bar = 5mm): Above – Phanaeus texensis, Copris arizonensis, Canthon blumei, C. imitator; Below – Digitonthophagus gazella, Onthophagus brevifrons, Euoniticellus intermedius, Canthon praticola, C. mixtus, O. browni, O. velutinus, O. knausi. 8) Pitfall trap design: [A] active trap with cover (anchored with rocks); [B] cover removed to expose suspended bait and catch; [C] plant nursery container from likes of which trap cover fashioned (foreground); [D] trap receptacle, wire bait hanger and bait cup.

Figure 5 in Does your preservative preserve? A comparison of the efficacy of some pitfall trap solutions in preserving the internal reproductive organs of dung beetles

Figure 5. Pitfall trap with protective caging and cover placed on-top of a manually constructed soil mound so as to prevent interference from mammals and dilution and/or overspilling from precipitation and surface runoff.

Figure 2. L in Does your preservative preserve? A comparison of the efficacy of some pitfall trap solutions in preserving the internal reproductive organs of dung beetles

Figure 2. L. militaris (female) after 28 days of submergence in 4% PBF showing the well preserved ovary and oocytes.

Figure 3 in Does your preservative preserve? A comparison of the efficacy of some pitfall trap solutions in preserving the internal reproductive organs of dung beetles

Figure 3. Evaporation rates of the eight preservatives in the riparian vine thicket environment. Water is also shown for comparison. The dotted line represents the critical volume. PG = propylene glycol, w vinegar = white vinegar.

Figure 4 in Does your preservative preserve? A comparison of the efficacy of some pitfall trap solutions in preserving the internal reproductive organs of dung beetles

Figure 4. Evaporation rates of the eight preservatives in the low open woodland environment. Water is also shown for comparison. The dotted line represents the critical volume. PG = propylene glycol, w vinegar = white vinegar.

Fig. 46. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 46. A. Canthon cobosi (Pereira & Martínez, 1960) stat. et comb. nov., holotype. B–C. Canthon machadoi (Martínez & Pereira, 1967) comb. nov. B. Paratype 2. C. Paratype 4.

Fig. 43 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 43. The three Amazonian species of the furvus subgroup. A, D. Sylvicanthon furvus (Schmidt, 1920). A. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. B, E. S. monnei sp. nov. B. Dorsal view. E. Ventral view. C, F. S. mayri sp. nov. C. Dorsal view. F. Ventral view.

Fig. 44 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 44. Differences on the parameres of Sylvicanthon mayri sp. nov. and S. monnei sp. nov. (grayish zones represent original membraneous areas). A–B. S. mayri sp. nov. C–D. S. monnei sp. nov. Note that both branches of the apical bifurcation of the parameres of S. mayri sp. nov. are much more divergent than those of S. monnei sp. nov., which makes the internal angle between them more open in the first species (~110º) than in the second (~78º). In the same way, as the inferior branch is much more projected in S. mayri sp. nov. than in S. monnei sp. nov., the angle between the posterior region of that branch and the rest of the paramere is more open in S. monnei sp. nov. (~147º) than in S. mayri sp. nov. (~137º), species that seems to have a strong excavation at this point of the paramere (indicated by red arrow in A).

Fig. 42 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 42. Sylvicanthon obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). A. Dorsal view of the purplish form. B. Dorsal view of the yellowish form. C. Ventral view.

Fig. 41 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 41. Distribution of Sylvicanthon securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. and the four species of the furvus subgroup.

Fig. 35 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 35. Variation on the pilosity at the centre of the hypomeral cavity among members of the bridarollii subgroup. A. Sylvicanthon seag sp. nov. B. S. attenboroughi sp. nov. C–D. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). Note the first two species have the hypomeral cavity entirely glabrous or with setae limited to its periphery (centre always glabrous), whereas S. bridarollii possesses long and dense setae throughout the tegument of the hypomeral cavity.

Fig. 32 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 32. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). A–B. Individual from southern Bolivia. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C–D. Individual from Ecuador. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view.

Fig. 36 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 36. Clinal morphological variation in S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). Note that, from south to north, the colouration of metafemora gradually fades from dark brown to reddish brown and orange with a light-brown base in populations of northern Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, and that the internal margin of protibiae (indicated by the red arrows) becomes progressively much subtler. Other features varying along this north-south cline are the presence of coarse elongate punctures at the base of metafemora (present in southern populations and absent in the northern ones) and of a fine transverse line on the posterior edge of pronotum (absent in the southern populations). See the text for more details.

Fig. 21 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 21. Sylvicanthon enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Holotype and its labels.