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Earthworms in tropical tree plantations and secondary forests
We compared patterns of earthworm abundance and species composition in tree plantations and secondary forests of Puerto Rico. Tree plantations included pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) established in the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s; secondary forests were naturally regenerated in areas adjacent to these plantations. We found that (1) earthworm density and fresh weight in the secondary forests were twice those in either of the tree plantations, and did not differ between the plantations, and (2) the exotic earthworm species, Pontoscolex corethrurus M ller, dominated both plantations and the secondary forests, but native earthworm species, Pontoscolex spiralis Borges & Moreno, Estherella montana Gates, and E. gatesi Borges & Moreno, occurred only in the secondary forests. Our results suggest that naturally-regenerated secondary forests are preferable to pine and mahogany plantations for maintaining a high level of earthworm density, fresh weight, and native species. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Earthworms in abandoned tropical pastures
Plant community succession alters the quantity and chemistry of organic inputs to soils. These differences in organic input may trigger changes in soil fertility and faunal activity. We examined earthworm density and community structure along a successional sequence of plant communities in abandoned tropical pastures in Puerto Rico. The chronological sequence of these plant communities were pasture, grass-vine-fern, shrub-small tree, and forest. Earthworm density was the highest in pasture (831 worms/m2 in top 0.25 m soil), decreased as secondary succession proceeded, and reached the lowest (32 worms/m2) in the forest. Whereas only soil feeding Pontoscolex corethrurus was present in the pasture and grass-vine-fern communities, both soil and litter feeding worm species were found in the shrub-small tree and forest communities. Ground litter biomass had a negative correlation with earthworm density. Soil water content differed slightly among the successional communities, but were unlikely to play an important role in triggering differences in worm density among these abandoned lands. Soil pH values did not differed along the successional changes. These results suggest that decrease in earthworm density and increase in worm community diversity during secondary succession may result from changes in the quantity and chemistry of organic inputs, rather than in soil properties. We conclude that successional development from grass-dominated pastures to woody species-dominated forests reduces earthworm density and diversifies worm community structure in humid tropical soils. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical F
EOL Earthworms Patch (EET) - obsolete
<p>Superseded by <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13283222">EOL Annelida Patch</a></p> <p>Taxonomic hierarchies & species lists for Crassiclitellata, Haplotaxidae, Moniligastridae, Syngenodrilidae, Tiguassuidae to complement Catalogue of Life coverage.</p> <p>Compiled from multiple sources:</p> <p>Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., Tongkerd, P., Sutcharit, C., James, S.W., Panha, S., 2011. New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). Zookeys, 90: 35-62.</p> <p>Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., James, S.W., Panha, S., 2016. Seven new species of the earthworm genus Metaphire Sims and Easton, 1972 from Thailand (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa, 4117(1): 063-084.</p> <p>Blakemore, R.J., 2007. Checklist and phylogeny of Exxidae (Oligochaeta). European Journal of Soil Biology, 43: S9-S13.</p> <p>Blakemore, R.J., 2008. A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World – 3rd Edition (2008) December, 2008, <a href="http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/</a></p> <p>Blakemore, R.J., 2011. Further records of non-cryptic New Zealand earthworms. ZooKeys, 160: 23-46.</p> <p>Blakemore, R.J., 2013. Earthworms newly from Mongolia (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae, Eisenia). ZooKeys, 285: 1–21.</p> <p>Blakemore, R.J., Chang, C.H., Chuang, S.C., Ito, M.T., James, S.W., 2006. Biodiversity of Earthworms in Taiwan: a Species Checklist with the Confirmation and New Records of the Exotic Lumbricids Eisenia fetida and Eiseniella tetraedra. Taiwania, 51 (3): 226-236.</p> <p>Blakemore, R.J., Park, T.S., Seo, H.Y., 2012. A new Korean earthworm (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa, 3368: 256-262.</p> <p>Buckley, T.R., James, S., Allwood, J., Bartlam, S., Howitt, R., Prada, D., 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) reveals ancient clades and cryptic taxonomic diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58: 85-96.</p> <p>Celis, L.V., Rangel-Ch, O., 2015. Two new earthworm species (Oligochaeta: Annelida) of the Caribbean region of Colombia. Zootaxa, 3974(1): 106–114.</p> <p>Cervantes, G., Fragoso, C., De Los Monteros, A.E., Sanchez-Ramos, G., Lara-Villalon, M., Yanez-Pacheco, M.J., Lazaro-Castellanos, J.O., James, S.W., 2016. New species of the earthworm genus Zapatadrilus (Clitellata, Acanthodrilidae) from northern Mexico. Zootaxa, 4189(2).</p> <p>Chanabun, R., Sutcharit, C., Tongkerd, P., Shau-Hwai, A.T., Panha, S., 2012. Three new species of semi-aquatic freshwater earthworms of the genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 from Malaysia (Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae). Zootaxa, 3458: 120-132.</p> <p>Chanabun, R., Sutcharit, C., Tongkerd, P., Panha, S., 2013. The semi-aquatic freshwater earthworms of the genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 from Thailand (Oligochaeta, Almidae) with re-descriptions of several species. Zookeys, 265: 1-76. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.265.3911</p> <p>Chanabun, R., Inkavilay, K., Panha, S., 2017. New species of semi-aquatic freshwater earthworm genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 from Thailand and Laos (Oligochaeta, Almidae). ZooKeys, 672: 1-34 (03 May 2017), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.672.10212</p> <p>Chang, C.H., Chuang, S.C., Wu, J.H., Chen, J.H., 2014. New species of earthworms belonging to the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) in Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3774(4).</p> <p>Christoffersen, M.L., 2008. Species catalogue and phylogenetic relations of criodriloids and basal glossoscolecoids (Annelida Clitellata Lumbricina) from South America. Tropical Zoology, 21: 209-226.</p> <p>Christoffersen, M.L., 2009. Species diversity and distributions of microdrile earthworms (Annelida, Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 2065: 51-68.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., 2012. Earthworm species, a searchable database. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 43: 97–99. <a href="http://earthworm.uw.hu/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://earthworm.uw.hu/</a></p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Tondoh, J.E, 2007. New and little-known earthworm species from the Ivory Coast (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae: Benhamiinae and Eudrilidae). Journal of Natural History, 41(41–44): 2551–2567.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Mischis, C.C., 2009. Earthworms from Argentinean Patagonia with description of two remarkable new species (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae). Journal of Natural History, 44(1-2): 31-40.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Pavlíček, T, 2011. A new earthworm genus Nouraguesia gen. nov. from French Guiana with description of two new species (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae). Journal of Natural History, 45: 27, 1759-1767.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Zicsi A., Mısırlıoğlu, M., 2006. An annotated checklist of the earthworm fauna of Turkey (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 1175: 1–29.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Guei, M.A., Tondoh, J.E., 2009. New and little known earthworm species from the Mt. Nimba, Guinea (Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae: Benhamiinae). Zootaxa, 2141: 56-68.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Pop, V.V., Pop, A.A., 2011. The earthworm fauna of the Carpathian Basin with new records and description of three new species (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 250(1): 2-18.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Razafindrakoto, M., Blanchart, E., 2012. New and Little Known Giant Earthworms from Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). African Invertebrates, 52(2): 285-294.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Razafindrakoto, M., Blanchart, E., 2012. New and little known earthworm species from Central Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). Zootaxa, 3578: 36-42.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Sherlock, E., Talla Kouete, M., Doherty-Bone, T.M., 2015. Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae). African Invertebrates, 56(1): 25–38.</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Pearlson, O., Pavlíček, T, 2017. New Acanthodrilus species from New Caledonia (Clitellata, Megadrili, Acanthodrilidae). Journal of Natural History, 51: 1-14, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1355500</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Chang, C.-H., Pavlíček, T., Szederjesi, T., Esopi, D., Szlavecz, K., 2017. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of native North American lumbricid earthworms (Clitellata: Megadrili). PLoS ONE, 12(8): e0181504. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181504</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., Razafindrakoto, M., Hong, Y., 2017. Three new species of Kynotus from the Central Highlands of Madagascar (Clitellata, Megadrili). European Journal of Taxonomy, 336: 1-14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.336</p> <p>Csuzdi, Cs., James, S.W., Lapied, E. 2018. DriloBASE. World Earthworm Database. <a href="http://taxo.drilobase.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://taxo.drilobase.org</a></p> <p>Domínguez, J., Aira, M., Breinholt, J.W., Stojanovic, M., James, S.W., Pérez-Losada, M., 2015. Underground evolution: New roots for the old tree of lumbricid earthworms. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 83: 7–19.</p> <p>Domínguez, J., Aira, M., Porto, P.G., Díaz Cosín, D.J., Pérez-Losada, M., 2017. Multigene phylogeny reveals two new isolated and relic earthworm genera (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 182: 258–274. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx031</p> <p>Dos Santos, B.T.S., Bartz, M.L.C., Hernandez-Garcia, L.M., Rousseau, G.X., Martins, M.B., James, S.W., 2017. New earthworm species of Righiodrilus (Clitellata, Glossoscolecidae) from eastern Amazonia. Zootaxa, 4242(2). DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.2.11</p> <p>Feijoo, M.A., Brown, G.G., James, S.W., 2017. New species of Andiorrhinus Cognetti, 1908 (Oligochaeta: Rhinodrilidae) from Venezuela and Brazil. Zootaxa, 4363(1): 55. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.1.2</p> <p>Fragoso, C., Rojas, P., 2016. Lavellodrilus notosetosus sp. nov. (Annelida, Crassiclitellata, Acanthodrilidae): a new Mexican earthworm with uncommon characters, revealed by a preliminary revision of subfamily Acanthodrilinae. Zootaxa, 4154(2): 1.</p> <p>Hackenberger, D.K., Hackenberger, B.K., 2013. Checklist of the earthworm fauna of Croatia (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 3710(1): 001–030.</p> <p>Hendrix, P.F., 1995. Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America. CRC Press.</p> <p>James, S.W., 2009. Revision of the earthworm genus Archipheretima Michaelsen (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), with descriptions of new species from Luzon and Catanduanes Islands, Philippines. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 9(3): 244.e1-244.e16.</p> <p>James, S.W., 2012. Re-erection of Rhinodrilidae Benham, 1890, a senior synonym of Pontoscolecidae James, 2012 (Annelida: Clitellata). Zootaxa, 3540: 67-68.</p> <p>James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida: Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics, 26(2): 213-229.</p> <p>James, S.W., Gamiette, F., 2016. New species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 (Clitellata: Benhamiidae) with additional records of earthworms from Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Zootaxa, 4178(3), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.5</p> <p>Jirapatrasilp, P., Prasankok, P., Sutcharit, C., Chanabun, R., Panha, S., 2016. Two new Cambodian semi-aquatic earthworms in the genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 (Oligochaeta, Almidae), based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 4189(3): 543-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4189.3.5</p> <p>Lehmitz, R., Römbke, J., Jänsch, S., Krück, S., Beylich, A., Graefe, U., 2014. Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany. Zootaxa, 3866: 221-245.</p> <p>Marchán, D.F., Fernández, R., de Sosa, I., Sánchez, N., Díaz Cosín, D.J., Novo, M., 2018. Integrative systematic revision of a Mediterranean earthworm family: Hormogastridae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Invertebrate Systematics, 32(3):652-671. DOI: 10.1071/IS17048</p> <p>Moreno, A.G., Borges, S., eds. 2004. Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Editorial Complutense, Madrid.</p> <p>Narayanan, S.P., Sathrumithra, S., Christopher, G., Julka, J.M., 2017. New species and new records of earthworms of the genus Drawida from Kerala part of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India (Oligochaeta, Moniligastridae). ZooKeys, 691: 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.691.13174</p> <p>Nxele, T.C., 2012. The megadrile fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Queen Elizabeth Park, South Africa: species composition and distribution within different vegetation types. African Invertebrates, 53(2): 543–558.</p> <p>Plisko, J.D., 2013. A new family Tritogeniidae for the genera Tritogenia and Michalakus, earlier accredited to the composite Microchaetidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta). African Invertebrates, 54(1): 69-92.</p> <p>Pop, V.V., Pop, A.A., Csuzdi, Cs., 2014. An annotated checklist of the Romanian earthworm fauna. Zoology in the Middle East, 58(4): 59-70, DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2012.10648985</p> <p>Razafindrakoto et al., 2017 — Razafindrakoto, M., Csuzdi, Cs., James, S., Blanchart, E., 2017. New earthworms from Madagascar with key to the Kynotus species (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 268: 126-135.</p> <p>Reynolds, J.W., Wetzel, M.J., 2008. Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. Megadrilogica, 12(12): 157-208.</p> <p>Reynolds, J.W., Wetzel, M.J., 2012. Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. III. Megadrilogica, 15(8): 191-211.</p> <p>Reynolds, J.W., Wetzel, M.J. 2018. Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica. A Catalogue of Names, Descriptions and Type Specimens of the Oligochaeta. Second Edition. <a href="http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/people/mjwetzel/nomenoligo" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/people/mjwetzel/nomenoligo</a></p> <p>Schmelz, R.M., ed. 2012. Global diversity of earthworms and other Oligochaeta (Annelida): collected papers. Zootaxa 3458 103–119.</p> <p>Szederjesi, T., Vavoulidou, E., Chalkia, C., Danyi, L., Csuzdi, Cs., 2017. An annotated checklist of earthworms of Greece (Clitellata: Megadrili). Zootaxa, 4272(1): 57-82. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4272.1.3</p> <p>Trakić, T., Valchovski, H., Stojanović, M., 2016. Endemic earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of the Balkan Peninsula: a review. Zootaxa, 4189(2): 251-274.</p>
State of the art of studies on earthworm populations in the state of Paraná
<p>In this review, we included all the studies performed in the state of Paraná, Brazil, which had data on earthworms. We reviewed the literature for all publications (journal articles, dissertations, theses, conference proceedings, book chapters) carried out in the state of Paraná, Brazil, which had data on earthworms. The period evaluated ranged from 1986 (earliest date in the state) to 2020. Searches were performed in online databases including Sicence Direct, Scielo, CAPES and the digital collection of dissertations and theses from Brazilian Universities (BDTD). </p> <p>Overall 51 publications had earthworm data, including abundance, biomass, species, richness or just presence/absence. Data were extracted from these publications and compiled into an excel file. The dataset contains information gathered from 62 of the 399 municipalities in Paraná, and includes separation in ten geopolitical regions (IBGE 2010), as well as topographic regions and climate (Köppen, 1931). The ten geopolitical mesoregions are: West (WE), Northwest (NW), Center West (CW), Center North (CN), North Pioneer (NP), Center East (CE), Metropolitan (MT), Center South (CS), Southeast (SE) and Southwest (SW). The three topographic regions include the First, Second and Third Plateaus, and the Coastal Lowland. </p> <p>Earthworm data are presented as total abundance (number of individual m<sup>-2</sup>), fresh biomass (in g m<sup>-2</sup>) and species richness (total number). We also provide information on each species encountered, its ecological category, and whether it is native or exotic to the state of Paraná. For earthworm species, ecological category information follows the classification of Bouché (1977), including the intermediate categories: e.g., anecic, epigeic, endogeic, polyhumic endogeic, mesohumic endogeic, epi-endogeic, endo-epigeic. For each species, full names (when available), and species author(s) and year of the description are provided.</p> <p>Geographic location is provided when possible, with latitude, longitude and altitude, soil types according to the Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos - SiBCS (Santos et al. 2018). Sampling date and season are also provided, when available.</p> <p>When known, the sampling method(s) used were given. These included quantitative methods involving handsorting, such as 1) the standard Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) Programme method (Anderson & Ingram 1993), in which soils are handsorted from monoliths 25x25 cm square to depths ranging from 10 to 40 cm (identified as TSBF in the spreadsheets); or 2) other monolith dimensions like 20x20, 40x40 and 50x50 cm (identified as Handsorting in the spreadsheets). Qualitative sampling (e.g. Bartz et al. 2014) included: 1) collecting in various niches like deeper soil layers, litter, under rocks, in and under rotting logs, next to water bodies like streams, lakes and swamps; 2) chemical extraction using a diluted formalin solution (usually over an area 50x50 cm), following recommendations of ISO 23611-1 (2017), and pouring of the solution either on the soil surface, or at the bottom of the pit; 3) electrical extraction using a modifed apparatus (Azevedo et al. 2010), based on the Octet-Method (Thielemann 1986).</p> <p>The determination of LUS was based on Nadolny et al. (2020), which characterized Native Vegetation, Forest Plantation (including forest with <em>Pinus</em> sp. and <em>Eucalyptus</em> sp.), Pasture, Integrated Systems (e.g., agropastoral, silvopastoral or agrosilvopastoral systems) and agricultural areas (Conventional Tillage, No-Tillage and Minimum Tillage). In addition to these, Perennial Crops, Grass Lawns and Agroforestry Systems were included.</p> <p>The soil chemical and physical analysis data were included in the dataset when performed in the same places as the earthworm sampling. Chemical data included: pH, H+Al, K, Ca, Mg, P, C, sum of Bases, CEC, Base saturation, N, Na. Physical data included: sand, clay and silt proportions, texture, porosity, density and resistance to penetration.</p> <p>All data are provided in excel format and include 5 tabs: Readme, Legend, Earthworms + environment, Species distribution and References. The Readme tab provides information on the associated publication in the Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo authored by Dudas et al. (see https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20220159). The Legend tab provides a description of the variables used in the other (data) tabs. Earthworms + environment has information on the sampling methods used, the earthworm abundance, biomass and richness found at the different sampling sites in Paraná, and the data on soil and environmental variables. The Species distribution tab provides information on the species found, places of origin, ecological category, sampling method used and LUS. The References tab provides detailed bibliographic information on the sources of the data used to build the tables and the dataset.</p> <p>Overall, in the state of Paraná, 90 species of earthworms were found in 51 counties of the state, of which 66 were native and 24 were exotic. A large number of species (46) are likely new and still must be formally described. Higher species richness was found in native vegetation, which also had a higher proportion of native species (75%). The other LUS with more native species were: Forest Plantation (FP) and No-Tillage (NT), while Conventional Tillage (CT) sites had only 17% native species. Earthworm abundance and biomass were highest in less disturbed LUS such as agroforestry systems, native vegetation, forestry plantation,<br> grass lawns, and permanent crops, compared to the highest disturbance LUS including soil preparation (MT and CT), where the lowest abundance and biomass were found. However, as only 16% of the 399 counties in Paraná have been sampled so far, much further research is needed in order to adequately assess the relationships between earthworms and land use. </p>
Figure 2. D in Neotypification of Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930 (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrili, Moniligastridae) as a model linking mtDNA (COI) sequences to an earthworm type, with a response to the 'Can of Worms' theory of cryptic species
Figure 2. D. hattamimizu unscaled habitus (from Watanabe, 2005, fig. 1 after Hatai's 1931 original).
Data from: Recommendations for assessing earthworm populations in Brazilian ecosystems
<p><strong>Earthworms are often related to fertile soils and frequently used as environmental quality indicators. However, to optimize their use as bioindicators, their populations must be evaluated together with environmental and anthropogenic variables regulating earthworm communities. In this review we identify the earthworm, soil chemical, physical, environmental and management-related variables evaluated in 124 published studies that quantified earthworm abundance (>7300 samples) in 765 sites with different types of climate, soils, land use and management systems in Brazil. Most soil chemical and physical attributes (except pH) were less reported (<50% of studies) than other environmental variables such as sampling date, altitude, temperature, precipitation, climate and soil type and land use (all >50% of studies). Earthworms were rarely identified (24%) and few studies (31%) measured their biomass, although most provided adequate information on sampling protocol. Based on the importance in regulating earthworm populations, we propose a set of variables that should be evaluated when studying earthworm communities </strong>and other macrofauna groups<strong>. This should help guide future studies on earthworms in Brazil and other countries, optimize data collection and replicability, allow comparisons between different studies and promote the use of earthworms as soil quality bioindicators.</strong></p>
Figure 2 in Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the island of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China
Figure 2. Amynthas dilatatus Qiu and Jiang sp. nov; (A) Ventral view of holotype, scale bar 2 mm; (B) spermathecae of holotype, scale bar 1 mm; (C) prostate gland of holotype; (D) male pore region of one paratype.
FIGURE 2. Dichogaster caraibensis n in New species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 (Clitellata: Benhamiidae) with additional records of earthworms from Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
FIGURE 2. Dichogaster caraibensis n. sp. A. Dorsal view, live photo. B. Ventral view, clitellum region. C. Spermatheca.
FIGURE 1. Dichogaster spolstoni n in New species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 (Clitellata: Benhamiidae) with additional records of earthworms from Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
FIGURE 1. Dichogaster spolstoni n. sp. A. Dorsal view, recently fixed. B. Ventral view. C. Ventral view clitellum region. D. Spermatheca.
A checklist of megadrile earthworm (Annelida: Clitellata) species and subspecies of the world
<p>The available literature on earthworm (Megadrili) species distributions at the worldwide, regional, and country levels were reviewed and combined with personal databases of the authors, as well as the data available in Drilobase (www.drilobase.org), Integrated Taxonomic Information System - ITIS (www.itis.gov), the 2nd edition of Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica (<a href="https://nomenclatura-oligochaetologica.inhs.illinois.edu">https://nomenclatura-oligochaetologica.inhs.illinois.edu</a>; Reynolds & Wetzel 2022), the Earthworm species database (Csuzdi 2012) and Blakemore (2008). These data were then used to produce a full list of species up to the end of December 2022.</p> <p>The family classification chosen for the present paper is based on that of James and Davidson (2012) and James (2012), expanded by Anderson et al. (2017) and Erséus et al. (2020), mainly based on DNA analysis (multiple genes). Moniligastridae, although not Crassiclitellata were included as they are analogous to earthworms and part of the Megadrili. Syngenodrilidae and Alluroididae were excluded from the list as they have been tentatively placed into the Order Alluroidida, mainly due to the absence of genetic sequence data needed to make a more informed decision as to their placement (Schmelz et al. 2021).</p> <p>The first version of this dataset was published together with a paper authored by Msirlioğlu et al. (2023), and included in a special issue of Zootaxa (volume 5255).</p> <p>The updated list is recognizably not exhaustive and may still be missing some species that were not caught in the lead author’s searches. The current version (v8) corrects some authors, genera, and species names, excluding some synonyms, and adding 20 valid species/subspecies that were inadvertently omitted in previous versions. It provides the names of all valid species and subspecies (up to 31 December 2022) and includes 5,420 earthworm species and 333 unique subspecies (not counting the nomino-typical subspecies), for a total of 5,753 species/subspecies worldwide, belonging to 382 genera. These are divided into 23 families, of which Megascolecidae is the most speciose (2,343 sp./spp.), followed by Acanthodrilidae (797 sp./spp.), and Lumbricidae (688 sp./spp.). On the other hand, 10 families are monospecific and/or monogeneric, with a limited number of species and geographic distribution.</p> <p>The current list is provided as an Excel file and includes a Readme tab as well as five spreadsheets:</p> <p>Metadata: Provides information on the remaining spreadsheets in the file</p> <p>Families: List of the valid 23 Megadrili earthworm families and authors, and their parent taxa (Sub-order, Order and higher-level taxonomic classifications) </p> <p>Genera: List of the 382 valid megadrile earthworm genera and authors, and their parent families</p> <p>Sub-genera: List of the 34 valid megadrile earthworm subgenera and authors</p> <p>Species: List of the 5,753 valid megadrile earthworm species and subspecies and authors, presented alphabetically by family and genus</p> <p>If any mistakes are found in the present file (version 8), we kindly request that you contact the first author (George Brown) by e-mail at george.brown@embrapa.br or minhocassu@gmail.com, so that the appropriate corrections can be made. Please consider only literature published up to December 2022 for corrections.</p>
Data from: Earthworms do not increase greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O) in an ecotron experiment simulating a realistic three-crop rotation system
<p><span>Earthworms are known to stimulate soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the majority of previous studies have used simplified model systems or lacked continuous high-frequency measurements. To address this, we conducted a two-year study using large lysimeters (</span><span>5 m<sup>2</sup> area and 1.5 m soil depth) </span><span>in an ecotron facility, continuously measuring ecosystem-level CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. We investigated the impact of endogeic and anecic earthworms on GHG emissions and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) in a simulated agricultural setting. Although we observed transient stimulations of carbon fluxes in the presence of earthworms, cumulative fluxes over the study indicated no significant increase in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Endogeic earthworms reduced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions during the wheat culture (-44.6%), but this effect was not sustained throughout the experiment. No consistent effects on ecosystem evapotranspiration or WUE were found. Our study suggests that earthworms do not significantly contribute to GHG emissions over a two-year period in experimental conditions that mimic an agricultural setting. These findings highlight the need for realistic experiments and continuous GHG measurements.</span></p>
FIG. 10 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 10. — Pre-clitellar nephridia of Vignysa callasensis Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. sp. Scale bar: 1 mm. Photo: D. F. Marchán.
FIG. 4 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 4. — Pre-clitellar nephridia of Flabellodrilus luberonensis Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. gen., n. sp. Scale bar: 1 mm. Photo: D. F. Marchán.
FIG. 3 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 3. — Flabellodrilus luberonensis Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. gen., n. sp.: A, external view of the anterior body; B, lateral view of the anterior body; C, dissection of the anterior body. Abbreviations: CL, clitellum, CR, crop, GM, genital marks, GZ, gizzard, IN, intestine, MP, male pore, NE, nephridia, SEP, septa, SP, permathecae, SV, seminal vesicles, TP, tubercula pubertatis. Photos: T. Decaëns. Scale bars: 5 mm.
FIG. 1 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 1. — Multilocus phylogenetic tree focused on Allolobophora-related Lumbricidae Rafinesque, 1815 genera (the full phylogenetic tree is shown in Appendix 1). The tree was obtained from Bayesian inference based on the concatenated sequences of the COI-16S-ND1-12S-28S molecular markers. Posterior probability values are shown beside nodes. White boxes show target genera while grey boxes indicate closely related genera (species labels shown in Appendix 1).
FIG. 9 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 9. — Vignysa callasensis Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. sp.: A, external view of the anterior body; B, lateral view of the anterior body; C, dissection of the anterior body; D, detail of the anterior body dissection showing the spermathecae. Abbreviations: CL, clitellum; GM, genital marks; GZ, gizzard; IN, intestine; MP, male pore; SEP, septa; SV, seminal vesicles; TP, tubercula pubertatis; TY, typhlosole. Scale bars: A-C, 5 mm, D, 1.5 mm. Photos: T. Decaëns.
FIG. 12 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 12. — Satellite pictures around type localities of Flabellodrilus luberonensis Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. gen., n. sp., Allolobophora delitescens Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. sp. and Vignysa callasensis Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. sp. in the 1950-1965 period (left) and in 2022 (right). 1950-1965: satellite pictures. Credits: Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière (IGN); Google 2022.
FIG. 2 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 2. — DNA barcode tree of the genus Vignysa Bouché, 1970. The tree was obtained from Bayesian inference based on the sequences of COI barcodes. Posterior probability values are shown above branches. Grey bars delimit individuals belonging to each species.
FIG. 11 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 11. — Living specimen of Vignysa callasensis Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. sp. Photo: S. Gérard.
FIG. 7 in Resampling Bouché's historical localities reveals three new species and helps identifying a new genus of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae and Lumbricidae) in Southeastern France
FIG. 7. — Pre-clitellar nephridia of Allolobophora delitescens Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán, n. sp. Scale bar: 1 mm. Photo: D. F. Marchán.
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