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Fig. 4 in A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from coastal basins in the Atlantic Rainforest of eastern Brazil, with phylogenetic and phylogeographic insights into the Characidium alipioi species group

Fig. 4. Fast flowing stream, type locality of Characidium cricarense, at Cachoeira do Inferno rapids in rio Cricaré, São Mateus, ES, Brazil. GPS coordinates: 18°42'24.5"S 40°16'7.2"W.

Fig. 5 in A new cryptic species of Pithecopus (Anura, Phyllomedusidae) in north-eastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Pithecopus Cope, 1866 based on 16S rDNA mitochondrial fragment. Topology inferred from the Bayesian inference based on the GTR+G model. Posterior probabilities are shown at each node. Scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Expanded topology for P. gonzagai sp. nov. and P. nordestinus (Caramaschi, 2006) is in Supplementary file 6.

Fig. 3 in A new cryptic species of Pithecopus (Anura, Phyllomedusidae) in north-eastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Pithecopus gonzagai sp. nov. from Brazilian north-eastern, in life. A. From the municipality of Pilar, state of Alagoas (AL). B. From the municipality of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE). C. From the municipality of Sṳo Miguel dos Milagres, AL. D. Arboreal eggs from the municipality of Poçṳo, PE. Photographs by M. Aguiar.

Fig. 2 in A new cryptic species of Pithecopus (Anura, Phyllomedusidae) in north-eastern Brazil

Fig. 2. Pithecopus gonzagai sp. nov., adult ♂, holotype (ZUEC 19685; SVL = 32.7 mm). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, dorsal view. E. Hand, ventral view. F. Foot, ventral view.

Fig. 4 in A new cryptic species of Pithecopus (Anura, Phyllomedusidae) in north-eastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Scatterplot of the discriminant analyses of principal components (DAPC) on the morphometric and acoustic datasets of Pithecopus araguaius Haga et al., 2017, P. azureus (Cope, 1862), P. gonzagai sp. nov., P. hypochondrialis (Daudin, 1800) and P. nordestinus (Caramaschi, 2006). A. The two first axes on the morphometric data (11 first PCs, 95% retained variance). Variance explained by the axes: LD1 = 58% (F-statistic = 131.7) and LD2 = 25% (F-statistic = 57.3). B. The two first axes on the acoustic data (5 first PCs, 96% retained variance). LD1 = 91% (F-statistic = 182.0) and LD2 = 7% (F-statistic = 13.5).

Fig. 38 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 38. Graph of caudal peduncle depth as a function of standard length of Spintherobolus leptoura (black symbols) and S. broccae (empty symbols). Axes are logarithmic. Note that the 95 % confidence intervals in lengths of about 18 to 24 mm SL do not overlap with the means of these of the compared species indicating a significant difference in these size ranges. Comparison of these growth patterns are discussed under the diagnosis of S. leptoura.

Fig. 37. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 37. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854, paratype, adult female 25.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, fazenda Dalila, Registro.

Fig. 36. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 36. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854, holotype, adult male 19.1 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, fazenda Dalila, Registro.

Fig. 35. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 297997 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 35. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 297997, adult female, SL uncertain, Brazil, São Paulo, Bertioga.

Fig. 34. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 92959 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 34. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 92959, paratype, adult male 20.3 mm SL, Brazil, vicinity of Rio de Janeiro.

Fig. 31. Spintherobolus ankoseion, USNM 297926 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 31. Spintherobolus ankoseion, USNM 297926, adult male, SL uncertain. Brazil, Parana, southwest of Paranaguá.

Fig. 30. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MCP 19253 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 30. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MCP 19253, paratype, female 27.9 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Barra do Sai.

Fig. 29. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MZUSP 35430 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 29. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MZUSP 35430, holotype, male, 23.1 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Barra do Sai.

Fig. 28. Spintherobolus papilliferus, FMNH 54918 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 28. Spintherobolus papilliferus, FMNH 54918, holotype, 34.1 mm SL. Brazil, São Paulo, Alto da Serra, near Paranapiacaba.

Fig. 27. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 49408 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 27. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 49408, adult female, 50.3 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, near Paranapiacaba.

Fig. 26. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 51021, female 60.8 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 26. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 51021, female 60.8 mm SL, Brazil, Sao Paulo, rio Ipiranga.

Fig. 33. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 287324, adult female 20.8 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 33. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 287324, adult female 20.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Cachoeira de Macacu.

Fig. 25 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 25. Graph of caudal peduncle depth as a function of standard length for Spintherobolus leptoura (black symbols) and S. ankoseion (empty symbols). Axes are logarithmic. Note that the 95 % confidence intervals in lengths of about 21 to 27 mm SL do not overlap with the means of the compared species indicating a significant difference in these size ranges. These growth pattern differences are used to separate these species in the key and text.

Fig. 23 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 23. Tukey box plots of the number of procurrent caudal-fin rays in species of Spintherobolus. Significant differences were not found between S. papilliferus and S. leptoura, between S. leptoura and S. ankoseion, and between S. papilliferus and S. ankoseion. However, significant differences using Mann-Whitney rank sum tests were found between S. papilliferus and S. broccae (T = 984, P <0.001), between S. broccae and S. leptoura (T = 195, P = <0.001), and between S. broccae and S. ankoseion (T = 604, P = <0.001).

Fig. 24 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 24. Graph of body depth as a function of standard length for Spintherobolus leptoura (black symbols) and S. ankoseion (empty symbols). Axes are logarithmic. Note that the 95 % confidence intervals in lengths of about 21 to 28 mm SL do not overlap with the means of the of the compared species indicating a significant difference in these size ranges. These growth pattern differences are used to separate these species in the key and text.