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121 results for “ecological factors”
Fig. 1 in A Pasture Of Big Ungulate Animals As Key Ecological Factor Influencing On The Fluctuation Of Natural Habitat Of Steppe Herbivorous Mammals
Fig. 1. The steppe marmot quantity dynamics in the 20th century (cattle against the steppe marmot) of the Chertkovskiy Region of Rostov.
Data from: What ecological factors favor parthenogenesis over sexual reproduction? A study on the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus in natural populations
<p>Different reproductive modes are characterized by costs and benefits which depend on ecological contexts. For example, sex can provide benefits under complex biotic interactions, while its costs increase under mate limitation. Furthermore, ecological contexts often vary along abiotic gradients. Here, we study how these factors simultaneously influence the frequency of sex in the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus . We first verified that parthenogenesis translates into female-biased population sex ratios. We then measured the density of individuals (a proxy for mate limitation) and community diversity (biotic interaction complexity) for 159 A. muticus populations covering a broad altitudinal gradient and used structural equation modeling to investigate their direct and indirect influences on sex ratios. We found no effect of community diversity or altitude on sex ratios. Furthermore, even when females can reproduce parthenogenetically, they generally reproduce sexually, indicating that the benefits of sex exceed its costs in most situations. Sex ratios only become female-biased under low population densities, as expected if mate limitation was the main factor selecting for parthenogenesis. Mate limitation might be widespread in mayflies because of their short adult lifespan and limited dispersal, which can generate strong selection for reproductive assurance and may provide a stepping-stone towards obligate parthenogenesis.</p>
Figure 1 in Assessment Of Flax Population Productivity Under Variable Ecological Factors During Ontogenesis
Figure 1. Hydrothermal coefficients (HTC) during the growth period of flax from 2014 to 2017 (y axis) and long term average (last 10 year data sets according WMO, 2017). Ranges of values (Skowera et al., 2014): HTC <0.4 extremely dry; 0.4 3.0 extremely humid.
Figure 1 in Ecological factors determining the distribution patterns of Cyrtanthus nutans R.A.Dyer (Amaryllidaceae) in northwestern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Figure 1. Range and distribution of C. nutans in five main areas within northwestern KwaZuluNatal (Area 1 = Dundee central; Area 2 = eastern Dundee; Area 3 = northeastern Dundee; Area 4 = Rorkes Drift and Area 5 = Wasbank).
Fig. 1 in Environmental and ecological factors driving trematode parasite community assembly in central Alberta lakes
Fig. 1. Host-Parasite diversity correlations. Spearman rank correlations of A) snail and trematode richness, pooled by site, B) non-pooled, sample-based, snail and trematode richness, C) snail and trematode effective species based on Shannon index (exp(H)) for all lakes, and D) effective species by each site at Buffalo Lake. PP = Pelican Point, RS = Rochon Sands, TN = The Narrows.
Fig. 3 in Environmental and ecological factors driving trematode parasite community assembly in central Alberta lakes
Fig. 3. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of trematode component communities. Relative abundances of trematode species by sample are constrained by environmental variables from the best-fit model (community \lake trophic status \+ ecoregion \+ latitude). Trematode species abbreviations are shown in grey. CCA results are in red as eigenvectors. Ecoregions are identified with a blue dotted line. The trophic status of each lake is identified with an ellipse.
Fig. 2 in Environmental and ecological factors driving trematode parasite community assembly in central Alberta lakes
Fig. 2. Multivariate Homogeneity of Group Dispersion for Trematode Communities. Bray-Curtis dissimilarities were used to examine the homogeneity of variance among samples (trematode species counts) when grouped by different geographical or anthropogenic-use distinctions. The left panels show the twodimensional visualizations of the data by Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) plots. Each grouping is labeled in the center, and ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals. The right panels provide a boxplot of the distance to centroid for each group in the multivariate analysis. A) samples grouped by site, B) grouped by river basin, C) grouped by ecoregion, D) group by site-type or anthropogenic use (beach or boat launch). Statistical significance for differences between groups is indicated by an asterisk.
Figure 2 in Fly parasitism in Papuan frogs, with a discussion of ecological factors influencing evolution of life-history differences
Figure 2. Regressions of weight versus snout–vent length (SV) for male Rana supragrisea. Larger frogs infested with fly larvae (closed squares, dashed line) exhibit lower weights compared to uninfested frogs (open circles, solid line), but this difference in regressions is determined solely by the largest infested specimen.
Fig. 2 in Ecological factors that influence sambar (Rusa unicolor) distribution and abundance in western Thailand: implications for tiger conservation
Fig. 2 The distribution of elevations at which transects were placed (a). The distribution of distances from the Huai Kha Khaeng River (HKK) at which transects were placed (b). The combinations of elevation and distance to HKK River at which pellet groups were found (each dot represents a single transect) (c). The number of pellet groups found in relation to distance from the HKK River at three elevations (where dots represents transects) (d). Dots represent transects and lines represent the predicted number of pellet groups using our top-supported model (Table 2, model 1) solved at mean covariate values and one of three elevations to illustrate the interaction of elevation with distance to the HKK River.
Fig.1 in Ecological factors that influence sambar (Rusa unicolor) distribution and abundance in western Thailand: implications for tiger conservation
Fig.1 Location of Huai Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in western Thailand and the 360 sampling units contained within the four areas represent six female tiger home ranges.
Selection maintains floral color polymorphism in the scarlet paintbrush, <em>Castilleja coccinea</em>, reflecting combined ecological factors
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Data from: What ecological factors favor parthenogenesis over sexual reproduction? A study on the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus in natural populations
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Spatial distribution of benthic algae in the South China Sea: responses to gradually changing environmental factors and ecological impacts on coral communities
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Data from: Ecological and social factors constrain spatial and temporal opportunities for mating in a migratory songbird
Many studies of sexual selection assume that individuals have equal mating opportunities and that differences in mating success result from variation in sexual traits. However, the inability of sexual traits to explain variation in male mating success suggests that other factors moderate the strength of sexual selection. Extrapair paternity is common in vertebrates and can contribute to variation in mating success and thus serves as a model for understanding the operation of sexual selection. We developed a spatially explicit, multifactor model of all possible female-male pairings to test the hypothesis that ecological (food availability) and social (breeding density, breeding distance, and the social mate's nest stage) factors influence an individual's opportunity for extrapair paternity in a socially monogamous bird, the black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens. A male's probability of siring extrapair young decreased with increasing distance to females, breeding density, and food availability. Males on food-poor territories were more likely to sire extrapair young, and these offspring were produced farther from the male's territory relative to males on food-abundant territories. Moreover, males sired extrapair young mostly during their social mates' incubation stage, especially males on food-abundant territories. This study demonstrates how ecological and social conditions constrain the spatial and temporal opportunities for extrapair paternity that affect variation in mating success and the strength of sexual selection in socially monogamous species.
Data from: Ecological factors influence balancing selection on leaf chemical profiles of a wildflower
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Balancing selection is frequently invoked as a mechanism to maintain variation within and across populations. However, rigorous tests demonstrating balancing selection operating in nature are scarce, particularly on complex traits, which frequently display high levels of variation. Leveraging a focal polymorphism, leaf chemical profile in a perennial wildflower (<em>Boechera stricta</em>, Brassicaceae), we investigated the ecological and genetic mechanisms that may influence the maintenance of variation in this trait. A suite of common garden and greenhouse experiments showed that the alleles underlying variation in chemical profile have contrasting fitness effects across environments, implicating two ecological drivers of selection on chemical profile: herbivory and drought. Phenotype-environment associations and molecular genetic analyses revealed additional evidence of past selection by these drivers. Together, these data are consistent with balancing selection on chemical profile, likely caused by pleiotropic effects of genes that influence secondary chemical biosynthesis on herbivore defense and drought response.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Behavioural ecology meets oncology: quantifying the recovery of animal behaviour to a transient exposure to a cancer risk factor
<p>Wildlife is increasingly exposed to sublethal transient cancer risk factors, including mutagenic substances, which activate their anti-cancer defences, promote tumourigenesis, and may negatively impact populations. Little is known about how exposure to cancer risk factors impacts the behaviour of wildlife. Here, we investigated the effects of a sublethal, short-term exposure to a carcinogen at environmentally relevant concentrations on the activity patterns of wild <em>Girardia tigrina</em> planaria during a two-phase experiment, consisting of a 7-day exposure to cadmium period followed by a 7-day recovery period. To comprehensively explore the effects of the exposure on activity patterns, we employed the double hierarchical generalized linear model framework which explicitly models residual intraindividual variability in addition to the mean and variance of the population. We found that exposed planaria were less active compared to unexposed individuals and were able to recover to pre-exposure activity levels albeit with a reduced variance in activity at the start of the recovery phase. Planaria showing high activity levels were less predictable with larger daily activity variations and higher residual variance. Thus, the shift in behavioural variability induced by an exposure to a cancer risk factor can be quantified using advanced tools from the field of behavioural ecology. This is required to understand how tumourous processes affect the ecology of species.</p>
Data for: Coherent long-term body-size responses across all Northwest Atlantic herring populations to warming and environmental change despite contrasting harvest and ecological factors
<p>Body size is a key component of individual fitness and an important factor in the structure and functioning of populations and ecosystems. Disentangling the effects of environmental change, harvest, and intra- and inter-specific trophic effects on body size remains challenging for populations in the wild. Herring in the Northwest Atlantic provide a strong basis for evaluating hypotheses related to these drivers given that they have experienced significant warming and harvest over the past century, while also having been exposed to a wide range of other selective constraints across their range. Using data on mean length-at-age 4 for the sixteen principal populations over a period of 53 cohorts (1962-2014), we fitted a series of empirical models for temporal and between-population variation in the response to changes in sea surface temperature. We find evidence for a unified cross-population response in the form of a parabolic function according to which populations in naturally warmer environments have responded more negatively to increasing temperature compared with those in colder locations. Temporal variation in residuals from this function was highly coherent among populations, further suggesting a common response to a large-scale environmental driver. The synchrony observed in this study system, despite strong differences in harvest and ecological histories among populations and over time, clearly indicates a dominant role of environmental change on size-at-age in wild populations, in contrast to commonly reported effects of fishing. This finding has important implications for the management of fisheries as it indicates that a key trait associated with population productivity may be under considerably less short-term management control than currently assumed. Our study, overall, illustrates the need for a comparative approach within species for inferences concerning the many possible effects on body size of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the wild.</p>
Fig. 2 in A Pasture Of Big Ungulate Animals As Key Ecological Factor Influencing On The Fluctuation Of Natural Habitat Of Steppe Herbivorous Mammals
Fig. 2. The steppe marmot quantity dynamics in the 20–21th century (cattle vs the steppe marmot).
Data supplementing the article "Avoiding quantification bias in metabarcoding: application of a cell biovolume correction factor in diatom molecular biomonitoring" V. Vasselon, A. Bouchez, F. Rimet, S. Jacquet, R. Trobajo, M. Corniquel, K. Tapolczai, I. Domaizon submitted to Methods in Ecology and Evolution journal
<p>These data supplement the article "Avoiding quantification bias in metabarcoding: application of a cell biovolume correction factor in diatom molecular biomonitoring" V. Vasselon, A. Bouchez, F. Rimet, S. Jacquet, R. Trobajo, M. Corniquel, K. Tapolczai, I. Domaizon submitted to Methods in Ecology and Evolution journal</p> <p>The directory contains the following files:</p> <p>1<strong>5 fastq files raw reads (5 mock communities, 3 replicates)</strong><strong>.rar </strong>- contains the 15 fastq files provided by the sequencing platform with demultiplexed DNA reads (raw data prior any bioinformatics treatments).</p> <p><strong>15 fastq files information.xlsx</strong> :</p> <p>- contains the information relative to the 15 fastq files corresponding to the PGM raw data of the 5 mock communities (sequenced with 3 replicates), including: the ID of the fastq files, the mock community name, the replicate number, the final sample Id and the number of raw reads per fastq file.</p> <p>- contains the information of the proportion of the 8 diatoms species (%) used to create the 5 mock communities (estimated from microscopy).</p>
Figure 3. C in Ecological factors determining the distribution patterns of Cyrtanthus nutans R.A.Dyer (Amaryllidaceae) in northwestern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Figure 3. C. nutans sites located within the Bioresource Groups.
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