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31 results for “ecotypic variation”
Figure 2. Canonical variate 1 and 2 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status
Figure 2. Canonical variate 1 and 2 plots for cranial shape features that distinguish among ecotypes for (a) skull morphology (resident (n = 17), Bigg's (n = 13) and offshore (n = 6)) and (b) dentary bone morphology (resident (n = 21), Bigg's (n = 12) and offshore (n = 8) specimens) (reprinted from [103]).
Data from: Variation in ecophysiological traits might contribute to ecogeographic isolation and divergence between parapatric ecotypes of Mimulus aurantiacus
Many forms of reproductive isolation contribute to speciation, and early acting barriers may be especially important, because they have the first opportunity to limit gene flow. Ecogeographic isolation occurs when intrinsic traits of taxa contribute to disjunct geographic distributions, reducing the frequency of inter‐taxon mating. Characterizing this form of isolation requires knowledge of both the geographic arrangement of suitable habitats in nature and the identification of phenotypes involved in shaping geographic distributions. In Mimulus aurantiacus, red‐ and yellow‐flowered ecotypes are incompletely isolated by divergent selection exerted by different pollinators. However, these emerging taxa are largely isolated spatially, with a hybrid zone occurring along a narrow region of contact. In order to assess whether responses to abiotic conditions contribute to the parapatric distribution of ecotypes, we measured a series of ecophysiological traits from populations along a transect, including drought sensitivity, leaf area, and the concentrations of vegetative flavonoids. In contrast to the abrupt transitions in floral phenotypes, we found that ecophysiological traits exhibited a continuous geographic transition that largely mirrors variation in climatological variables. These traits may impede gene flow across a continuous environmental gradient, but they would be unlikely to result in ecotypic divergence alone. Nevertheless, we found a genetic correlation between vegetative and floral traits, providing a potential link between the two forms of isolation. Although neither barrier appears sufficient to cause divergence on its own, the combined impacts of local adaptation to abiotic conditions and regional adaptation to pollinators may interact to drive discontinuous variation in the face of gene flow in this system.
Among-individual diet variation within a lake trout ecotype: Lack of stability of niche use
<p>In a polymorphic species, predictable differences in resource use are expected among ecotypes, and homogeneity in resource use is expected within an ecotype. Yet, using a broad resource spectrum has been identified as a strategy for fishes living in unproductive northern environments, where food is patchily distributed and ephemeral.<span> We investigated whether specialization of trophic resources by individuals occurred within the generalist piscivore ecotype of lake trout from Great Bear Lake, Canada, reflective of a form of diversity</span>. Four distinct dietary patterns of resource use within this lake trout ecotype were detected from fatty acid composition, with some variation linked to spatial patterns within Great Bear Lake. Feeding habits of different groups within the ecotype were not associated with detectable morphological or genetic differentiation, suggesting that behavioral plasticity caused the <span>trophic differences</span>. A low level of genetic differentiation was detected between exceptionally large-sized individuals and other piscivore individuals. We demonstrated <span>that individual trophic specialization can occur within an ecotype inhabiting </span>a geologically young system (8,000–10,000 yr BP), a lake that sustains high levels of phenotypic diversity of lake trout overall.<span> The characterization of niche use among individuals, as done in this study, is necessary to understand the role that individual variation can play at the beginning of differentiation processes.</span></p>
EST-SSR genotyping data from: Ecotype variation in the endemic tree Callicarpa subpubescens on small oceanic islands: Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental insights
<p><em>Callicarpa subpubescens</em>, endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, is suggested to have multiple ecotypes in the Hahajima Islands, specifically in the central part of the Ogasawara Islands. In this study, associations between genetic groups and spatial distribution, habitat, leaf morphology, size structure, and flowering time of each genetic group were investigated on Hahajima and the satellite Imoutojima Islands. Genetic groups were identified using EST-SSR markers, revealing four ecotypes named based on morphological features: Dwarf (D), Glabrescent (G), Tall (T), and Middle (M), with M being a result of the hybridization of G and T. Ecotype D, adapted to dry environments, is characterized by small tree size, dense thick leaves with abundant hairs, and is distributed in dry scrub. Ecotype G, adapted to understory of mesic forests, lacks leaf hairs. Ecotype T, adapted to the canopy of mesic forests, has hairy leaves and is tall in tree height. Ecotype M, adapted to the canopy of mesic scrub or edges of mesic forests, has hairy leaves but with a shorter tree height than ecotype T. Flowering peaks differed among all ecotype pairs except G and M, but the flowering times more or less overlapped among all ecotypes, suggesting that pre-mating isolation among ecotypes is not perfect. Post-mating isolation is considered absent, as there were no differences in the results, germination, and survival rates of one-year seedlings among inter- and intra-ecotype crossings. The existence of such ecotypes provides valuable insights into the ongoing speciation processes adapting to the oceanic island environments.</p>
Data from: Variation in ecophysiological traits might contribute to ecogeographic isolation and divergence between parapatric ecotypes of Mimulus aurantiacus
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EST-SSR genotyping data from: Ecotype variation in the endemic tree Callicarpa subpubescens on small oceanic islands: Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental insights
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Among-individual diet variation within a lake trout ecotype: Lack of stability of niche use
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Data from: First measurements of field metabolic rate in wild juvenile fishes show strong thermal sensitivity but variations between sympatric ecotypes
<p>The relationship between physiology and temperature has a large influence on population-level responses to climate change. In natural settings, direct thermal effects on metabolism may be exaggerated or offset by behavioural responses influencing individual energy balance. Drawing on a newly developed proxy, we provide the first estimates of the thermal performance curve of field metabolism in a wild fish. We investigate the thermal sensitivity of field metabolic rate in two sympatric, genetically distinct ecotypes of Atlantic cod from the Skagerrak coast of southern Norway. The combined ecotype median of field metabolic rate increased with increasing temperature until around 16°C, coincident with the thermal optimum for growth for juvenile Atlantic cod. Individual cod experienced temperatures in excess of the thermal optimum for field metabolic rate, indicating some degree of thermal limitation of field metabolism in a complex natural environment with the potential for thermal refugia. The two cod ecotypes showed different thermal performance curves for field metabolic rate, revealing that genetic components to temperature sensitivity persist beyond acclimation effects. The cold-adapted fjord ecotype maintained higher field metabolic rates at cooler temperatures than the warm-adapted North Sea ecotype, which showed clear preference for warmer waters around the thermal optimum. Field metabolic rates of the two ecotypes were strongly influenced by year and location of sampling, implying more complex behavioural responses to environmental conditions. We emphasise that the energy uses reflecting physiological conditions in the field should be considered in the evaluation of the effect of climatic variables on fish population dynamics and demonstrate that otolith isotopes provide an analytical framework to answer this question.</p>
Influence of voltine ecotype and geographic distance on genetic and haplotype variation in the Asian corn borer
<p>Diapause is an adaptive dormancy strategy by which arthropods endure extended periods of adverse climatic conditions. Seasonal variation in larval diapause initiation and duration in the Asian corn borer, <i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i>, influences adult mating generation number (voltinism) across local environmental conditions. Degree of mating period overlap between sympatric voltinism ecotypes influence hybridization level, but impact on <i>O. furnacalis</i> population genetic structure and evolution of divergent adaptive phenotypes remains uncertain. Genetic differentiation was estimated between voltinism ecotypes collected from 8 locations in Jilin Province, China [3 single generation (univoltine), 3 two generation (bivoltine), and 2 sympatric locations] in 2014. Bayesian and phylogenetic clustering partitioned mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes mostly into groups corresponding to historically uni- or bivoltine population origins, whereas samples from sympatric locations were interspersed between voltinism-specific clusters. Additionally, analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data implicate voltinism, as opposed to geographic distance, as a factor contributing to differentiation among sample site. Temporal analysis of SNP genotypes from a sympatric location showed significant variation between adult moths collected within non-overlapping periods corresponding to bivoltine and univoltine flights. Regardless, only 11 of 257 SNP loci were predicted to be under selection, suggesting population genetic homogenization except at loci in proximity to factors responsible for locally adaptive or voltinism-specific traits. These findings provide evidence that divergent voltinism ecotype-specific traits and mitochondrial haplotypes may be maintained in allopatric as well as sympatric areas despite relatively high rates of nuclear gene flow.</p>
Evolutionary divergence in phenotypic plasticity shapes brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes
<p>Mechanisms that generate brain size variation and the consequences of such variation on ecological performance are poorly understood in most natural animal populations. We use a reciprocal-transplant common garden experiment and foraging performance trials to test for brain size plasticity and the functional consequences of brain size variation in Pumpkinseed sunfish (<em>Lepomis gibbosus</em>) ecotypes that have diverged between nearshore littoral and offshore pelagic lake habitats. Different age-classes of wild-caught juveniles from both habitats were exposed for six months to treatments that mimicked littoral and pelagic foraging. Plastic responses in oral jaw size suggested that treatments mimicked natural habitat-specific foraging conditions. Plastic brain size responses to foraging manipulations differed between ecotypes, as only pelagic sourced fish showed brain size plasticity. Only pelagic juveniles under 1 year-old expressed this plastic response, suggesting that plastic brain size responses decline with age and so may be irreversible. Finally, larger brain size was associated with enhanced foraging performance on live benthic but not pelagic prey, providing the first experimental evidence of a relationship between brain size and prey-specific foraging performance in fishes. The recent post-glacial origin of these ecotypes suggests that brain size plasticity can rapidly evolve and diverge in fish under contrasting ecological conditions.</p>
Fig. 7. HPTLC chromatograms under white light after anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid derivatization. 1 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 7. HPTLC chromatograms under white light after anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid derivatization. 1 (A): blend of methanol extracts from all rock-rose (Cistus monspeliensis L.) ecotypes samples, 2: 8,15-labdanediol, 3: 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid, 4: 18-methyl ester-clerodan-15-oic acid, 5: myricetin 3,7,4′,5′-tetramethyl ether, and 6: 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid methyl ester. Chemical structures of the metabolites used for co-HPTLC. 8,15-labdanediol (1), 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid (2), 8-hydroxylabdan-15-oic acid methyl ester (3), 18-oic acid methyl ester-clerodan-l5-oic acid (4) and myricetin 3,7,4′,5′-tetramethyl ether (5).
Fig. 6 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 6. HPTLC chromatograms of methanol extracts of ten ecotypes of Cistus monspeliensis L. Cardeu (Ca, 1), Mandas (Ma, 2), Seui (Se, 3), Su Dominariu (Su, 4), Foresta Fontanamela (Fo, 5), Gutturu Mannu (Gu, 6), Portoscuso (Po, 7), Paringianu (Pa, 8), Barbusi (Ba, 9), and Gennargentu (Ge, 10). A: visualized at 366 nm without derivatization, B: bioautography against Fusarium oxysporum.
Fig. 5 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 5. Orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS) analysis to correlated chemical profiles of rock-rose (Cistus monspeliensis L.) obtained by 1H NMR (A) and HPTLC (B) and their antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. The antifungal activity are average values (n = 5) measured as inhibition halos (mm).
Fig. 4 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 4. The effect of geographical origin (north, south and central) and altitude on the chemical variation of rock-rose ecotypes (Cistus monspeliensis L.), collected at different regions of Sardinia, Italy. A: Orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of rock-rose ecotypes based on 1H NMR data and geographical origins (north, south and central) excluding the samples of Seui (Se) (n = 45). B: OPLS-DA of rock-rose ecotypes based on HPTLC data and geographical origins (North, South and Central) excluding the samples of Barbusi (Ba) (n = 45). C: OPLS analysis based on 1H NMR data and altitudes of the collected locations (expressed as meters above sea level) (n = 50). D: OPLS analysis based on 1H NMR data and altitudes of the collection locations (expressed as meters above sea level) (n = 50). The classes of geographical origins were grouped following Fig. 3: North (Ca, Gu, Po, Su), South (Ba, Ge, Ma, Pa), and Central (Fo) areas of sampling. Ca: Cardeu, Ma: Mandas, Se: Seui, Su: Su Dominnariu, Fo: Foresta fontanamela, Gu: Gutturu Mannu, Po: Portoscuso, Pa: Paringianu, Ba: Barbusi, Ge: Gennangertu.
Fig. 3 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 3. Map of the sampling area of rock-rose (Cistus monspeliensis L.) ecotypes located on Sardenia Island, Italy. The sampling areas are colored as follows: red (North), green (Central); blue (South). North:Cardeu (Ca), Gutturu mannu (Gu), Portoscuso (Po), Seui (Se) and Su Dominariu (Su), south: Barbusi (Ba), Gennargentu (Ge), Mandas (Ma), and Paringianu (Pa). Central area: Foresta Fontanamela (Fo). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 2. Average standard error variation for the buckets of 1 H NMR spectra from ten ecotypes of Cistus monspeliensis L.
Fig. 1 in Metabolic variation in Cistus monspeliensis L. ecotypes correlated to their plant-fungal interactions
Fig. 1. Basic chemical structures of labdane and clerodane, and 1H NMR spectra of the leaves of Cistus monspeliensis obtained from (A) Foresta fontanamela and (B) Gennangertu in the range of δ 0.7 - δ 1.5 (600 MHz, CH3OH-d4). a: H-18 of labdane at (δ 0.81, s), b: H-20 of labdane (δ 0.83, s), c: H-19 of labdane (δ 0.87, s), d: H-17 of a labdane with a hydroxyl group at C-8 (δ 1.10, s), e: H-16 of labdane at δ 0.94 (d, J = 6.8 Hz), f: H-17 of clerodane (δ 0.77, s), g: H-20 of clerodane (δ 0.80, s), h: H-16 of clerodane (δ 0.97, d, J = 6.7 Hz), i: H-19 of a clerodane (δ 1.11).
Evolutionary divergence in phenotypic plasticity shapes brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes
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Data from: Genomic islands of divergence linked to ecotypic variation in sockeye salmon
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Data from: First measurements of field metabolic rate in wild juvenile fishes show strong thermal sensitivity but variations between sympatric ecotypes
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