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193 results for “ectomycorrhizal”
Ectomycorrhizal Community of Red Oak at Harvard Forest 2013
There is evidence that ectomycorrhizal Pezizales prevail on roots at woodland edges or habitats where trees are well spaced, and where there is minimal understory vegetation, soil pH is relatively high, and bare soil is a feature. This observation was repeated in a recent study of mitospores produced by these fungi, where they were found most often at woodland edges, road sides, the middle of paths, and lawns. A key feature that distinguishes Basidiomycota from Ascomycota is that the dikaryon necessary for sexual reproduction is generally formed early after spore germination in the former, but not until fruitbody formation in the latter. Our hypothesis is that the mitospores produced by ectomycorrhizal Pezizales act as spermatia, and that these spores are more effectively produced and dispersed from bare soil than from areas with a thick organic layer. Here we tested our hypothesis by comparing the community of ectomycorrhizal root fungi on red oak trees in Harvard Forest and the Arnold Arboretum.
Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on pine litter decomposition in temperate pine forests in California, Florida, and Minnesota
This experiment is designed to assess the generality of the effect of ECM fungi on leaf litter decomposition in temperate pine forests. To assess ECM fungal effects on decomposition, we established and ECM fungal knockdown experiment (via trenching) in nine temperate pine forests in California, Florida, and Minnesota. In litter bags incubated (July 2021-July 2022) in paired trenched and untrenched plots at each site we compared leaf litter decomposition (of native pine litter and a common Pinus strobus litter), fungal community composition (via high throughput sequencing), fungal abundance (via qPCR), decomposition enzyme expression, and soil nutrient availability. Contrary to widely cited theory and other results from a subset of our field sites, we found that ECM fungi either increased or did not impact pine litter decomposition in temperate pine forests.
Biogeographic history of a large clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi, the Russulaceae, in the Neotropics and adjacent regions
<p>## Metadata</p> <p>backbone_accessions.tsv - GenBank/INSDC accession numbers for LSU, rpb1 and rpb2 accessions used for the Russulaceae backbone tree including 472 taxa.</p> <p>ITS_sequences_OTUs.tsv - Metadata for all 34,624 ITS sequences used in the study. Columns: "accession": accession ID in analysis – GenBank/INSDC or UNITE accession number for compiled data, lab ID for newly generated data; "specimen": specimen/voucher number, for newly generated sequences; "INSDC_accession": INSDC/GenBank accession for new newly generated data; "taxon": specimen identification; "New": whether ITS sequences was generated in this study (*); "OTU": name of cluster/OTU, if not the sequence accession itself (*); "In_tree": whether sequence is represented in the Russulaceae supertree after filtering steps (*), "lb" long-branch accession removed during tree estimation, "ol" outlier removed during tree estimation; "area": biogeographic area assigned.</p> <p> </p> <p>## Sequences and alignments</p> <p>backbone_concat.fasta - Concatenated LSU-rpb1-rpb2 alignment for 372 backbone taxa.</p> <p>backbone_concat_part.txt - Gene partitions and substitution models applied to the backbone alignment.</p> <p>einsi_clade1_Russula_trimmed.fasta - Alignment of 2,279 representative ITS sequences in the Russula clade; alignment end columns with >90% missing data/gaps were trimmed.</p> <p>einsi_clade2_LactariusMultifurca_trimmed.fasta - Alignment of 621 representative ITS sequences in the Lactarius-Multifurca clade; alignment end columns with >90% missing data/gaps were trimmed.</p> <p>einsi_clade3_Lactifluus_trimmed.fasta - Alignment of 482 representative ITS sequences in the Lactifluus clade; alignment end columns with >90% missing data/gaps were trimmed.</p> <p> </p> <p>## Phylogenetic trees</p> <p>12_make_supertree.R - R script for grafting clade trees onto the backbone tree to produce a supertree.</p> <p>backbone_calibrated.nwk - Time-calibrated Russulaceae backbone phylogeny.</p> <p>backbone_TBE.raxml.support - Russulaceae backbone phylogeny annotated with transfer bootstrap expectation support values.</p> <p>clade1_Russula_TBE.raxml.support - Russula subclade ITS phylogeny (2,279 tips), annotated with transfer bootstrap expectation support values.</p> <p>clade2_LactariusMultifurca_TBE.raxml.support - Lactarius-Multifurca subclade ITS phylogeny (621 tips), annotated with transfer bootstrap expectation support values.</p> <p>clade3_Lactifluus_TBE.raxml.support - Lactifluus subclade ITS phylogeny (482 tips), annotated with transfer bootstrap expectation support values.</p> <p>supertree_calibrated.nwk - Combined Russulaceae supertree, time-calibrated (root age = 1).</p> <p>tree_calibrated_clade1_Russula.nwk - Russula subclade ITS backbone phylogeny, time-calibrated (root age = 1).</p> <p>tree_calibrated_clade2_LactariusMultifurca.nwk - Lactarius-Multifurca subclade ITS backbone phylogeny, time-calibrated (root age = 1).</p> <p>tree_calibrated_clade3_Lactifluus.nwk - Lactifluus subclade ITS backbone phylogeny, time-calibrated (root age = 1).</p> <p> </p> <p>## Biogeographic analysis</p> <p>3_disp_counts.R - R script to count dispersal events between biogeographic areas, based on stochastic mapping output.</p> <p>9_disp_count_time.R - R script to count dispersal events to and from each area through time, based on stochastic mapping output.</p> <p>area_codes.tab - Area letter coding and colours used for biogeographic analysis and plotting.</p> <p>area_shapes.zip - Shapefiles for the nine biogeographic areas defined, based on merged areas from Dinerstein et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014) and Löwenberg-Neto (2014: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3802.2.12; 2015: https://doi.org/10.11646/10.11646/zootaxa.3985.4.9).</p> <p>areas_manually_zenodo.csv - Manual assignment of 800 ITS sequences to biogeographic areas based on associated literature records or metadata.</p> <p>corHMM_ER.Rdata - R data archive with input data and results for the corHMM/Mv biogeographic area reconstruction.<br> <br> corHMM_ER_stoch_maps.Rdata - R data archive with results from the corHMM/Mv biogeographic stochastic mapping.</p> <p>disp_counts_focal.tab - Dispersal counts to and from each focal area through time, based on BioGeoBEARS stochastic mapping output.</p> <p>disp_counts_sam_afr.tab - Dispersal counts between Afrotopics and lowland tropical S. America through time, based on BioGeoBEARS stochastic mapping output.</p> <p>disp_matrix_025.txt - Dispersal rates between biogeographic areas (2.5% quantiles), based on stochastic mapping output.</p> <p>disp_matrix_975.txt - Dispersal rates between biogeographic areas (97.5% quantiles), based on stochastic mapping output.</p> <p>disp_matrix_median.txt - Dispersal rates between biogeographic areas (median values), based on stochastic mapping output.</p> <p> </p> <p>## Diversification analysis</p> <p>5_rates_per_area.R - R script to partition diversification rates by biogeographic area, both overall and through time, based on BAMM diversification rates and area stochastic mapping.</p> <p>event_data.txt - Posterior samples of diversification rate regimes estimated with BAMM.</p> <p>div_rates_area_overall.txt - Overall diversification rates per biogeographic area, based on BAMM diversification rates and area stochastic mapping.</p> <p>div_rates_per_area_025.tsv - Diversification rates through time (2.5% quantiles) partitioned by biogeographic area, based on BAMM diversification rates and area stochastic mapping.</p> <p>div_rates_per_area_975.tsv - Diversification rates through time (97.5% quantiles) partitioned by biogeographic area, based on BAMM diversification rates and area stochastic mapping.</p> <p>div_rates_per_area_median.tsv - Diversification rates through time (means) partitioned by biogeographic area, based on BAMM diversification rates and area stochastic mapping.</p> <p>mcmc_out.txt - BAMM posterior sample characteristics.</p>
Soil extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV.
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of soil extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated 10 x 10 m plots in both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at the Fernow Experimental Forest, Parsons, WV. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). In addition, we measured microbial allocation to complex C degrading oxidative enzymes phenol oxidase and peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils during the growing season in 2017.
Extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the nitrogen fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA during the final year of N fertilization (2016) and during the year after N fertilization ceased (2017).
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils in the final year of N fertilization at Bear Brook in 2016 and during the year after N fertilization ceased in 2017.
Soil respiration associated with ectomycorrhizal mats in an old-growth stand along lower Lookout Creek, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (2008-2009)
Comparisons of respiration rate and environmental variables for mat and non-mat soil were conducted between July 2008 to Nov 2009 in a 0.1ha plot adjacent lower Lookout Creek, approximately 700m downstream from Lookout Camp (44 deg 13”25’N, 122 deg 15”30’W, 484m above sea level). The predominant overstory species are Psuedotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, and Thuja Plicata. Associated ectomycorrhizal communities were measured over the 1.5 year period and data collection for the study is complete. Soil respiration was measured using LiCOR instrumentation, and analyses were performed computationally by correlating soil respiration with known environmental metrics (moisture, temperature, etc.) measured in other studies (TW006, MV001, etc.).
Ectomycorrhizal community composition associated with Nothofagus pumilio seedlings harvested from Variable Retention treatments at Los Cerros Ranch, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.
This dataset contains data on Nothofagus pumilio seedlings sampled from a Variable Retention (VR) managed forest in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina seven years after harvesting. We evaluated the effects of a VR timber management system on the EMF community associated with N. pumilio seedlings. We quantified the abundance, composition, and diversity of EMF across aggregate (AR) and dispersed retention (DR) sites within a VR managed area and compared them to primary forest (PF) stands. EMF assemblage and taxonomic identities were determined by ITS-rDNA sequencing of individual root tips sampled from 280 seedlings across three landscape replicates of each VR treatment. To better understand seedling performance, we tested the relationships between fungal colonization, fungal taxonomic composition, seedling biomass, and VR treatment across our study sites. This data was collected as a comparative component to a larger project understanding the effect of mycorrizhae on seedling success after various disturbances such as logging and fire that was ongoing at the Bonanza Creek LTER and other arctic locations.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal effects on soil carbon storage, root litter decomposition, and fungal necromass decomposition
This project investigates the impacts of ectomycorrhizal-saprotrophic fungal interactions on soil C storage and the decomposition of root litter and fungal necromass. Specifically, we conducted a field experiment wherein the ectomycorrhizal:saprotrophic fungal ratio was reduced via experimental trenching (with control plots left untrenched). From these plots we then measured bulk soil C stocks, particulate organic matter C stocks, mineral associated organic matter C stocks, and the decomposition of root litter and fungal necromass. The Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (CCESR) experiment name is e309 "The effects of mycelial morphology and mycorrhizal type on fungal necromass decomposition."
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Nitrogen and phosphorus additions affect fruiting of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a temperate hardwood forest, 2018
The functioning of mycorrhizal symbioses is tied to soil nutrient status, suggesting that nutrient availability should influence the reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi. To quantify the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability on ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting, we collected > 4,000 epigeous sporocarps representing 19 families during the course of a season in a full factorial NxP addition experiment in six replicate forest stands. Nutrient effects on fruiting shifted as the season progressed, with early fruiting species responding more to P and late-fruiting species responding more to N. The composition of species fruiting in young successional forests differed more with nutrient addition than in mature forests. Sporocarp abundance and species richness were suppressed by N addition. This work shows that N and P availability affect ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting, with these effects taking place within a context defined by stand age and the progression of fruiting across the season. The data table in this data package contains the sprorocarp observation counts and biomass. Corresponding DNA sequences can be found in GenBank at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/?term=MT345178%3AMT345282%5Baccn%5D Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?packageid=knb-lter-hbr.344.2 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data from: Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more sensitive to high soil nitrogen levels in forests exposed to nitrogen deposition
<p>Ectomycorrhizal fungi are essential for nitrogen cycling in many temperate forests and responsive to anthropogenic nitrogen addition, which generally, decreases host carbon allocation to the fungi. In the boreal region, however, ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass has been found to correlate positively with soil nitrogen availability. Still, responses to anthropogenic input, for instance through atmospheric deposition, are commonly negative.</p> <p>To elucidate whether variation in nitrogen supply affects ectomycorrhizal fungi differently depending on geographical context, we investigated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities along two fertility gradients across nemo-boreal forests with similar ranges in soil N/C ratios and inorganic nitrogen availability but located in regions with contrasting rates of nitrogen deposition.</p> <p>Ectomycorrhizal biomass and community composition remained relatively stable across the nitrogen-gradient with low atmospheric nitrogen deposition, but biomass decreased, and the community changed more drastically, with increasing nitrogen availability in the gradient subjected to higher rates of nitrogen deposition. Moreover, potential activities of enzymes involved in ectomycorrhizal mobilisation of organic nitrogen decreased as N/C ratios increased.</p> <p>In forests with low external input, we propose that stabilising feedbacks in tree-fungal interactions maintain ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass and communities even in highly fertile soils. In contrast, anthropogenic nitrogen input seems to impair ectomycorrhizal functions.</p>
Data for: Do ectomycorrhizal exploration types reflect mycelial foraging strategies?
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Ectomycorrhizal exploration types are commonly assumed to denote spatial foraging patterns and resource-related niches of extraradical mycelia. However, empirical evidence of the consistency of foraging strategies within exploration types is lacking.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Here, we analysed ectomycorrhizal foraging patterns by incubating root-excluding ingrowth mesh bags filled with six different substrates in mature <em>Picea abies </em>forests. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the mesh bags and on adjacent fine roots after one growing season.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Contrary to expectations, many ectomycorrhizal genera of exploration types thought to produce little extraradical mycelium colonised ingrowth bags extensively, whereas genera commonly associated with ample mycelial production occurred sparsely in ingrowth bags relative to their abundance on roots. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span>·<span> </span></span><span>Previous assumptions about soil foraging patterns of exploration types do not seem to hold. Instead, we propose that variation in the proliferation of extraradical mycelium is related to intergeneric differences in mycelial longevity and mobility of targeted resources. </span></p>
Dirt cheap: An experimental test of controls on resource exchange in an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
<p>1. To distinguish among hypotheses on the importance of resource-exchange ratios in outcomes of mutualisms, we measured resource (carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P)) transfers, and their ratios, between Pinus taeda seedlings and two ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species, Rhizopogon roseolus and Pisolithus arhizus in a laboratory experiment.</p> <p>2. We evaluated how ambient light affected those resource fluxes and ratios over 3 time periods (10, 20, and 30 weeks), and the consequences for plant and fungal biomass accrual, in environmental chambers.</p> <p>3. Our results suggest that light availability is an important factor driving absolute fluxes of N, P, and C, but not exchange ratios, although its effects vary among EM fungal species. Declines in N:C and P:C exchange ratios over time, as soil nutrient availability likely declined, were consistent with predictions of biological market models. Absolute transfer of P was an important predictor of both plant and fungal biomass, consistent with the excess resource exchange hypothesis, and N transfer to plants was positively associated with fungal biomass.</p> <p>4. Altogether, light effects on resource fluxes indicated mixed support for various theoretical frameworks, while results on biomass accrual better supported the excess resource exchange hypothesis, although among-species variability is in need of further characterization.</p>
Data for: Do ectomycorrhizal exploration types reflect mycelial foraging strategies?
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Data from: Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more sensitive to high soil nitrogen levels in forests exposed to nitrogen deposition
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Metadata from: Rhizosphere bacteria and fungi are differentially structured by host plants, soil mineralogy and ectomycorrhizal communities in the Alaskan tundra
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Data from: Host preference explains the high endemism of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a dipterocarp rainforest
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Mycorrhizal types regulate tree spatial associations in temperate forests: ectomycorrhizal trees might favor species coexistence
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Dirt cheap: An experimental test of controls on resource exchange in an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Soil extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA.
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of soil extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). In addition, we measured microbial allocation to complex C degrading oxidative enzymes phenol oxidase and peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils during the growing season in 2016.
Fine root morphology in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA during the final year of N fertilization (2016) and during the year after N fertilization ceased (2017).
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of fine root morphology in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we sampled fine roots in a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA during final year of N fertilization at Bear Brook in 2016 and during the year after N fertilization ceased in 2017.
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