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132 results for “elevation ranges”
Supplementary material for "High turn-over rates at the upper range limit and elevational source-sink dynamics in a widespread songbird"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The formation of an upper distributional range limit for species breeding along mountain slopes is often based on environmental gradients resulting in changing demographic rates towards high elevations. However, we still lack an empirical understanding of how the interplay of demographic parameters forms the upper range limit in highly mobile species. Here, we study apparent survival and within-study area dispersal over a 700 m elevational gradient in barn swallows (<em>Hirundo rustica</em>) by using 15 years of capture-mark-recapture data. Annual apparent survival of adult breeding birds decreased while breeding dispersal probability of adult females, but not males increased towards the upper range limit. Individuals at high elevations dispersed to farms situated at elevations lower than would be expected by random dispersal. These results suggest higher turn-over rates of breeding individuals at high elevations, an elevational increase in immigration and thus, within-population source-sink dynamics between low and high elevations. The formation of the upper range limit therefore is based on preference for low-elevation breeding sites and immigration to high elevations. Thus, shifts of the upper range limit are not only affected by changes in the quality of high-elevation habitats but also by factors affecting the number of immigrants produced at low elevations.</p>
Range size and local abundance data for angiosperm communities across an elevation gradient, Rocky Mountain Biological Lab, 2021-2022
This dataset contains abundance and range size data for angiosperm communities at three sites in Washington Gulch near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL, Gothic, Colorado, USA) for 2021 and 2022. RMBL is located in the East River valley of the West Elk mountains, approximately 10 kilometers from Crested Butte, Colorado. Study sites were located at 2815 m (38°53'50"N, 106°58'43"W), 3165 m (38°57'38"N, 107°01'53"W) and 3380 m (38°58'10"N, 107°01'53"W) in elevation, and contained five 1.2 m x 1.2 m plots each. We identified all vascular plants to species level. Each plot was sampled once per year near the peak of the growing season (approximately mid-July, depending on the year and elevation). In each plot, we counted all individuals of every species. To quantify abundance, we averaged local abundance across all five plots at each site and the two data collection years, and then ranked species by averaged abundance within each site (highest to lowest). We calculated range size as Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO). We calculated AOO and EOO with GBIF data using the ‘red’ package. We then ranked species by AOO within each site (largest to smallest).
Atmospheric deposition across a Colorado Front Range elevation transect, monthly, 2017-2018
In this dataset, we present seasonal dust fluxes and composition from a Colorado Front Range elevation transect of nine sites extending from the developed plains to the alpine wilderness. From the beginning of November 2017 through the end of November 2018, we collected monthly bulk deposition samples and analyzed them for dust mass fluxes, particulate matter chemistry, and liquid fraction chemistry. Niwot Ridge sites were in operation from June 2018 through September 2018 and are a critical component of this collaboration with the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory, which funded the lower elevation sites. These dust deposition data address open questions about the spatial and temporal variability of dust fluxes and composition across complex mountainous terrain.
Data from: Occupancy patterns and upper range limits of lowland Bornean birds along an elevational gradient
<p>Aim: The traditional view of species' distributions is that they are less abundant near the edges of their ranges and more abundant toward the center. Testing this pattern is difficult because of the complexity of distributions across wide geographical areas. An alternative strategy, however, is to measure species' distributional patterns along elevational gradients. We applied this strategy to examine whether lowland forest birds are indeed less common near their upper range limits on a Bornean mountain, and tested co-occurrence patterns among species for potential causes of attenuation, including signatures of habitat selection and competition at the periphery of their ranges.</p> <p>Location: Mt. Mulu, Borneo</p> <p>Taxon: Rain forest birds Methods: We surveyed lowland forest birds on Mt. Mulu (2,376 m), classified their elevation-occupancy distributions using Huisman – Olff – Fresco (HOF) models, and examined co-occurrence patterns of species pairs for signatures of shared habitat patches and interspecific competition.</p> <p>Results: For 39 of 50 common species, occupancy was highest at sea level then gradually declined near their upper range edges, in keeping with a 'rare periphery' hypothesis. With respect to habitat selection, lowland species do not appear to cluster together at sites of patchy similar habitat near their upper range limits; neither are most lowland species segregated from potential montane competitors where ranges overlap.</p> <p>Main conclusions: High relative abundance at sea level implies that species inhabit 'truncated niches' and are not currently near the limits of their fundamental niche, unless unknown critical response thresholds exist. However, indirect effects of increasing temperature predicted under climate change scenarios could still influence lower range limits of lowland species indirectly by altering habitat, precipitation regimes, and competitive interactions. The lack of non-random co-occurrence patterns implies that patchy habitat and simple pairwise species interactions are unlikely to be responsible for upper range limits in most species; diffuse competition across diverse rain forest bird communities could still play a role.</p>
Data from: Biotic interactions help explain variation in elevational range limits of birds among Bornean mountains
Aim <p>Physiological tolerances and biotic interactions along habitat gradients are thought to influence species occurrence. Distributional differences caused by such forces are particularly noticeable on tropical mountains, where high species turnover along elevational gradients occurs over relatively short distances and elevational distributions of particular species can shift among mountains. Such shifts are interpreted as evidence of the importance of spatial variation in interspecific competition and habitat or climatic gradients. To assess the relative importance of competition and compression of habitat and climatic zones in setting range limits, we examined differences in elevational ranges of forest bird species among four Bornean mountains with distinct features.</p> Location <p>Bornean mountains Kinabalu, Mulu, Pueh and Topap Oso.</p> Taxon <p>Rain forest bird communities along elevational gradients.</p> Methods <p>We surveyed the elevational ranges of rain forest birds on four mountains in Borneo to test which environmental variables—habitat zone compression or presence of likely competitors—best predicted differences in elevational ranges of species among mountains. For this purpose, we used two complementary tests: a comparison of elevational range limits between pairs of mountains, and linear mixed models with naïve occupancy as the response variable.</p> Results <p>We found that lowland species occur higher in elevation on two small mountains compared to Mt. Mulu. This result is inconsistent with the expectation that distributions of habitats are elevationally compressed on small mountains, but is consistent with the hypothesis that a reduction in competition (likely diffuse) on short mountains, which largely lack montane specialist species, allows lowland species to occur higher in elevation. The relative influence of competition changes with elevation, and the correlation between lower range limits of montane species and the distribution of their competitors was weaker than in lowland species.</p> Main conclusions <p>These findings provide support for the importance of biotic interactions in setting elevational range limits of tropical bird species, although abiotic gradients explain the majority of distribution patterns. Thus, models predicting range shifts under climate change scenarios must include not only climatic variables, as is currently most common, but also information on potentially resulting changes in species interactions, especially for lowland species.</p>
Figure 1 in Why may the same species have different elevational ranges at different sites in New Guinea?
Figure 1. Example of the Massenerhebung effect: variation in the elevational ceiling and floor of the Island Leaf Warbler Seicercus poliocephalus on New Guinea mountains. Note that the warbler's ceiling (upper graph) and floor (lower graph) are higher on Central Range peaks than on outlier peaks; that they tend to be higher on higher peaks (summit elevation, abscissa); that they tend to be higher on inland-facing or interior-facing outlier transects than on coast-facing outlier transects; and that they tend to be higher on outlier transects further from the coast than on outlier transects nearer the coast. Data from Table 4.
Figure 2 in Why may the same species have different elevational ranges at different sites in New Guinea?
Figure 2. Google Earth view of the environment of Diamond's 1979 Foja coastal transect. Visible are the narrow north-flowing stream on which Diamond's camp was sited; the western and eastern ridges flanking the valley in which the stream lies; at the bottom of the field of view, the ridges south of Diamond's camp, rising towards the Foja summits; the near-vertical east / west barrier ridge constituting the northern flank of the basin, and pierced by the stream; and, at the top, New Guinea's lowland coastal plain beyond the east / west ridge, and in which the stream flows in a braided gravel bed. A line traces the crest of the western, eastern and northern ridges, with numbers denoting elevation readings in metres. Diamond's camp in the basin, labelled 610 m, was at 02°45'S, 138°63'E.
Figure 3 in Why may the same species have different elevational ranges at different sites in New Guinea?
Figure 3. Google Earth close-up view, from the south, of the east / west ridge closing to the north the basin viewed in Fig. 2. The ridge has near-vertical southern and northern faces, and is pierced by the basin's stream via a cleft only c.20 m wide.
Fig. 3 in Range extension and highest elevational populations of Natrix tessellata in Slovakia
Fig. 3. Individuals of Natrix tessellata from the location in Lisková. (A) Adult female dorsal view. (B) Same individual in ventral view. (C) Overall view on juvenile individual. (D) Detail of the head on the same individual.
Fig. 1 in Range extension and highest elevational populations of Natrix tessellata in Slovakia
Fig. 1. Distribution and range extension of Natrix tessellata in Slovakia. (A) Locations surveyed in the vicinity of Ružomberok and Liptovská Basin. (B) Records of the species in the country. Black line shows cut out area of new locations while (A) is the same area but enlarged. 1 – Ružomberok, 2 – Lisková, 3 – Ružomberok – Rybárpole, 4 – Liptovská Teplá, 5 – Liptovská Mara, 6 – Ružomberok, 7 – Hrboltová, 8 – Hubová, 9 – Stankovany, 10 – Kraľovany, 11 – Vyšné Matejkovo.
Fig. 2 in Range extension and highest elevational populations of Natrix tessellata in Slovakia
Fig. 2. Locations and habitat of Natrix tessellata near Ružomberok. (A) Location in Ružomberok where the first individuals were observed. (B) (C) (D) View on the habitat near Lisková village.
Elevational range size patterns of vascular plants in Himalaya contradict Rapoport's rule
<p>1. Elevational range size patterns reflect ecological and evolutionary processes, but they are also affected by geometric constraints. The confounding effect of these constraints led to an ongoing controversy about the elevational Rapoport's rule, which postulates a positive association between the range size and elevation, and about the plausibility of the climate variability hypotheses as its causal explanation.</p> <p>2. Here we used an advanced null modelling approach to disentangle the interacting effects of geometric constraints and species richness gradients on the elevational range size of vascular plants. We collected extensive field data on elevational distribution for 728 vascular plant species occurring in the Ladakh region, Western Himalaya. We supplied these regional data with sub-continental elevational ranges extracted from the literature. Moreover, we used in-situ measured temperatures to quantify temperature variability along an elevational gradient to test the climate variability hypothesis.</p> <p>3. Observed range size patterns were sensitive to methods used to quantify the average range size. Range truncation disproportionately affected regional ranges of low-elevation species and resulted in spurious support of elevational Rapoport's rule. However, when the confounding effects of domain boundaries and richness gradient were controlled, our null models revealed only slight deviations from the random expectations of elevational range size patterns, contrasting with the prediction of the Rapoport's rule. In line with these findings, seasonal and diurnal temperature variability did not change with elevation.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: Geometric constraints combined with underlying species richness gradient create range size patterns seemingly supporting Rapoport´s elevational rule. However, null models accounting for these effects indicate that the range-size of vascular plants in the Himalayas does not increase with elevation. Given the universality of the geometric constraints and species richness gradient, our results suggest that these confounding factors must be controlled when testing Rapoport's rule. The null model approach described here provides an efficient tool to do that.</p>
Data from: Reciprocal transplants reveal asymmetric local adaptation of Himalayan Rhododendron approaching elevational range limit
<p>As plant species expand their upper limit of distribution under current warming, some retain both traditional climate space and biotic environment while others encounter novel conditions. The latter is the case for <em>Rhododendron campanulatum</em>,a woody shrub that grows both above and below treeline at our study site in the Eastern Himalaya where a very conspicuous, stable treeline was defined by a nearly contiguous canopy of tall <em>Abies spectabilis</em> trees, many of them over a century old. Prior work showed that treeline had remained static in this region while<em> R. campanulatum</em> expanded its elevational range limit. We tested local adaptation of<em> R. campanulatum</em> by performing reciprocal transplants between the species' current elevational range limit (4023masl) and just above treeline (3876 masl). Contrary to expectation, the coldest temperatures of late winter and early-mid spring were experienced by plants at the lower elevation: <em>R. campanulatum</em> at species' limit (upper site) were covered by snow for a longer period (40 more days) and escaped the coldest temperatures suffered by conspecifics at treeline (lower site). The harsher spring conditions at treeline likely explains why leaves were smaller at treeline (15.3 cm<sup>2</sup>) than at species-limit (21.3 cm<sup>2</sup>). Contrary to results from equivalent studies in other regions, survival was reduced more by downslope than by upslope movement, again potentially due to extreme cold temperatures observed at treeline in spring. Upslope transplantation had no effect on mortality, but mortality of species-limit saplings transplanted downslope was three times higher than that of residents at both sites. A general expectation is that locals should survive better than foreign transplants, but survival of locals and immigrants at our species-limit site was identical. However, those species-limit saplings that survive the transplant to treeline grew faster than both locals at treeline and the transplants at species-limit. Overall, we found asymmetric adaptation: compared to treeline saplings, those at species-limit (147 m above treeline) were more tolerant of extremes in the growing season but less tolerant of extremes in winter and early-mid spring, displaying local adaptation in a more complex manner than simply home advantage, and complicating predictions about impacts of future regional climate change.</p>
Blood variation implicates respiratory limits on elevational ranges of Andean birds
<p><span>The extent to which species ranges reflect intrinsic physiological tolerances is a major, unsolved question in evolutionary ecology. To date, consensus has been hindered by the limited tractability of experimental approaches across most of the tree of life. Here, we apply a macrophysiological approach to understand how hematological traits related to oxygen transport shape elevational ranges in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Along Andean elevational gradients, we measured traits that affect blood oxygen-carrying capacity—total and cellular hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit—for 2,355 individuals of 136 bird species. We used these data to evaluate the influence of hematological traits on elevational ranges. First, we asked whether the sensitivity of hematological traits to elevation is predictive of elevational range breadth. Second, we asked whether variance in hematological traits changed as a function of distance to the nearest elevational range limit. We found that the correlation between hematological sensitivity and elevational range breadth was slightly positive, consistent with a facilitative role for sensitivity in elevational range expansion. We further found reduced local variation in hematological traits near elevational range limits and at high elevations, patterns consistent with intensified natural selection, reduced effective population size, or compensatory changes in other cardiorespiratory traits. Our findings suggest that constraints on hematological sensitivity and local genetic adaptation to oxygen availability promote the evolution of the narrow elevational ranges that underpin tropical montane biodiversity.</span></p>
"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16
Blood variation implicates respiratory limits on elevational ranges of Andean birds
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Data from: Occupancy patterns and upper range limits of lowland Bornean birds along an elevational gradient
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Data from: Biotic interactions help explain variation in elevational range limits of birds among Bornean mountains
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Data from: Reciprocal transplants reveal asymmetric local adaptation of Himalayan Rhododendron approaching elevational range limit
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Elevational range size patterns of vascular plants in Himalaya contradict Rapoport’s rule
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