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Does European-introduced Phragmites australis experience below-ground microbial enemy release in North America?
<p>Escape from native range enemies can give invasive species a competitive edge according to the enemy-release hypothesis. While more commonly associated with predators and herbivores, release from belowground microbial antagonists has been recently demonstrated to benefit invasive plants. Biogeographic variation in dominance and comparisons of soil communities suggest that invasive European <em>Phragmites australis</em> may have also benefitted from belowground enemy release in North America. Here we examine the effects of native range (Europe) versus introduced range (North America) soil communities on European native and North American introduced<em> P. australis</em> using a reciprocal inoculation seedling growth experiment. Contrary to the enemy-release hypothesis, we found that North American-introduced <em>P. australis</em> was sensitive to soil community origin in that the seedlings grown in European soil communities (native) had higher total biomass than seedlings grown in North American soil communities (introduced). This pattern was not observed in the European native <em>P. australis</em> seedlings which had similar biomass when grown with North American or European soil communities. Notably, introduced <em>P. australis</em> had higher biomass than native <em>P. australis</em> regardless of which soil community it was grown in, suggesting a growth-defense tradeoff. Though the relative abundance of mutualists and pathogens composition did not differ between the two ranges, an indicator analysis revealed that mutualistic fungi and bacteria were key components of European soil communities but not in North American communities. Interestingly, North American soil communities had lower β-diversity than European communities suggesting higher levels of community conservation amongst North American populations. This research represents the first evidence of growth-defense trade-offs in introduced <em>P. australis</em> and offers a novel mechanism for understanding the invasion of <em>P. australis</em> in North America.</p>
Figure 7 in From Eradication to Containment: Invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Releases of Two Natural Enemies: A 17-Year Case Study
Figure 7. Annual percentage of individual guavas infested with fruit flies on Tahiti. Number of fruits incubated individually each year were: 172 in 2002, 348 in 2003, 539 in 2004, 607 in 2005, 98 in 2006, 4 in 2007, 237 in 2008, and 807 in 2009.
Figure 6a–d in From Eradication to Containment: Invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Releases of Two Natural Enemies: A 17-Year Case Study
Figure 6a–d. Quarterly emergences on Tahiti of B. dorsalis and F. arisanus per kg fruit for guava (a), Tahitian chestnut (b), tropical almond (c), and mango (d). See under
Figure 4 in From Eradication to Containment: Invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Releases of Two Natural Enemies: A 17-Year Case Study
Figure 4. Annual proportion of fruit fly (B. dorsalis, B. tryoni, B. kirki) and parasitoid (F. arisanus, D. longicaudata) emergences in guava, tropical almond, Tahitian chestnut, and mango fruits for selected years.
Figure 3a, b in From Eradication to Containment: Invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Releases of Two Natural Enemies: A 17-Year Case Study
Figure 3a, b. Coconut husk block (a) and BactroMAT-ME (b) bait stations used for eradication of B. dorsalis. (Photos: L. Leblanc).
Figure 1 in From Eradication to Containment: Invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Releases of Two Natural Enemies: A 17-Year Case Study
Figure 1. Monthly captures of B. dorsalis in methyl eugenol traps and quarterly percent parasitism on guava, Tahitian chestnut and tropical almond on Tahiti.
Figure 5a–d in From Eradication to Containment: Invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Releases of Two Natural Enemies: A 17-Year Case Study
Figure 5a–d. Quarterly emergences on Tahiti of B. dorsalis and F. arisanus per fruit for guava (a), Tahitian chestnut (b), tropical almond (c), and mango (d). Numbers of fruits used for each host and each year (for guava, Tahitian chestnut, tropical almond and mango, respectively) were: 1998: 1634, 16238, 5314, 67; 1999: 264, 304, 993, 404; 2000: 37, 40, 154, 64; 2001: 52, 0, 20, 74; 2002: 492, 1204, 474, 268; 2003: 1531, 1539, 2685, 977; 2004: 2252, 1324, 810, 291; 2005: 1071, 904, 4373, 436; 2006: 1927, 3343, 3140, 1044; 2007: 1537, 1525, 4200, 1814; 2008: 3255, 2648, 5045, 2052; 2009: 1515, 1972, 5475, 549.
Fig. 1 in The red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the West Indies: distribution of natural enemies and a possible test bed for release of self-sustaining biocontrol agents
Fig. 1. Distribution of 2 fire ant microsporidian pathogens (Kneallhazia solenopsae, Vairimorpha invictae) and 2 fire ant viruses (SINV-1, SiDNV) among collections of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, from islands in the West Indies. The fire ant RNA viruses SINV-2 and SINV-3 were not detected in any of the collections. The number of collections from monogyne colonies is shown over the total number of collections for each island or island group (Tortola [1/5], St. John [0/1], and St. Thomas [3/4]).
Fig. 7 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses
Fig. 7. Non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling (nMDS) scatter plot explaining the diversity and abundance of the parasite infracommunities of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) from Gariep Dam (GD), Great Fish River (GFR) and Riviersonderend River (RSE) in South Africa. The ordination illustrates the similarity between parasite infracommunities, with a Pearson's correlation vector overlay showing parasitic taxa with a correlation>0.1. Similarity levels (15, 30) were selected based on the hierarchical cluster analyses (Resemblance = 50) of Bray Curtis coefficients.
Fig. 6 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses
Fig. 6. Parasite infracommunity composition of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) from Gariep Dam (GD), Great Fish River (GFR) and Riviersonderend River (RSE). A – abundance (N); B – species richness (S); C – Brillouin's diversity index (DB); D – Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′); E – Simpson diversity index (D) and F – Pielou's evenness index (J′). The mean and 95% confidence interval of each index is presented. Significant differences are considered as p <0.05 and denoted with an asterisk (*) in a table for each index.
Fig. 5 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses
Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of A – Paracamallanus sp. and Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900, B – dorsal view and C – ventral view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A); 1000 μm (A, B).
Fig. 4 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Orientocreadium batrachoides Tubangui, 1831 (A – D) from the intestine and Tylodelphys mashonensis Beverley-Burton, 1963 (E – H) from the cranial cavity of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) during the present study. White arrows indicate structures of taxonomic relevance. Abbreviations: Gp – genital pore, OS – oral sucker, Ph – pharynx, Ps – pseudosuckers, Vs – ventral sucker. Scale bars: 50 μm (F–H); 100 μm (B–D, E); 500 μm (A).
Fig. 2 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses
Fig. 2. Map depicting the distribution of A. the Asian tapeworm, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) and B. the branchiuran fish lice, Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 from freshwater fishes in South Africa. Dark grey shading indicates provinces where freshwater fish parasitological research has been conducted more frequently.
Fig. 3 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses
Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Monogenea found from the gills of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) during the present study. A, B – Quadriacanthus aegypticus ElNaggar et Serag, 1985; C, D – Quadriacanthus allobychowskiella Paperna, 1979; E, F – Quadriacanthus clariadis Paperna, 1961; G, H – Quadriacanthus fornicatus Francov´a et ˇRehulkov´a, 2017; I – Quadriacanthus pravus Francov´a et ˇRehulkova´, 2017. Black arrows indicate structures of taxonomic relevance. Hamuli (A, C, E, G, I); male copulatory organ with accessory piece (B, D, F, H). Scale bars: 10 μm (B, D, F, H); 20 μm (I); 25 μm (A, C, E, G).
Fig. 1 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses
Fig. 1. Map indicating the localities where Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) were collected during the present study. The orange overlay indicates the translocated distribution of C. gariepinus in South Africa. Dark grey shading represents provinces where freshwater fish parasitological research has been conducted more frequently. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Figure 8 in From Eradication to Containment: Invasion of French Polynesia by Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Releases of Two Natural Enemies: A 17-Year Case Study
Figure 8. Dates of detection of B. dorsalis and introduction of F. arisanus on the various islands of French Polynesia.
Does European-introduced Phragmites australis experience below-ground microbial enemy release in North America?
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Data from: Strength of enemy release from parasitoids is context-dependent in the invasive African Fig Fly, Zaprionus indianus
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Data from: No release for the wicked: enemy release is dynamic and not associated with invasiveness
The enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive species will receive less damage from enemies, compared to co-occurring native and noninvasive exotic species in their introduced range. However, release operating early in invasion could be lost over time and with increased range size as introduced species acquire new enemies. We used three years of data, from 61 plant species planted into common gardens, to determine whether (1) invasive, noninvasive exotic, and native species experience differential damage from insect herbivores and mammalian browsers, and (2) enemy release is lost with increased residence time and geographic spread in the introduced range. We find no evidence suggesting enemy release is a general mechanism contributing to invasiveness in this region. Invasive species received the most insect herbivory, and damage increased with longer residence times and larger range sizes at three spatial scales. Our results show that invasive and exotic species fail to escape enemies, particularly over longer temporal and larger spatial scales.
Data from: Enemy release from the effects of generalist granivores can facilitate Bromus tectorum invasion in the Great Basin Desert
The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) of plant invasion asserts that natural enemies limit populations of invasive plants more strongly in native ranges than in non-native ranges. Despite considerable empirical attention, few studies have directly tested this idea, especially with respect to generalist herbivores. This knowledge gap is important because escaping the effects of generalists is a critical aspect of the ERH that may help explain successful plant invasions. Here, we used consumer exclosures and seed addition experiments to contrast the effects of granivorous rodents (an important guild of generalists) on the establishment of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in western Asia, where cheatgrass is native, vs. the Great Basin Desert, USA, where cheatgrass is exotic and highly invasive. Consistent with the ERH, rodent foraging reduced cheatgrass establishment by nearly 60% in western Asia but had no effect in the Great Basin. This main result corresponded with a region-specific foraging pattern: rodents in the Great Basin but not western Asia generally avoided seeds from cheatgrass relative to seeds from native competitors. Our results suggest that enemy release from the effects of an important guild of generalists may contribute to the explosive success of cheatgrass in the Great Basin. These findings corroborate classic theory on enemy release and expand our understanding of how generalists can influence the trajectory of exotic plant invasions.
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