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FIGURE 3. A in Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern Italy

FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conicallike tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion.

FIGURE 2. A in Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern Italy

FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum.

FIGURE 4 in Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern Italy

FIGURE 4. RFLP profiles for (A) Steinernema apuliae sp. n., (B) S. arenarium and (C) S. glaseri. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from S. feltiae (UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau 3 A I; 16, Sau 96 I; 17, Xba I.

FIGURE 5. Steinernema guangdongense n in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 5. Steinernema guangdongense n. sp. Lightmicroscope photographs. AB, epiptygma of the first generation females. CD, tails of infective juveniles showing dorsal constriction (arrows), compared to no dorsal constriction in S. longicaudum in EF. G, mature female of the first generation with prominent postanal swelling. H, second generation female with longer tail. Scales: A, B = 18 μm, C = 24 μm, D = 22 μm, E, F = 22 μm.

FIGURE 6 in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 6. SEM photographs of Steinernema guangdongense n. sp. infective juvenile. AB, anterior region showing one lateral line, closed mouth (m), amphids (a) and cephalic (c) papillae. C, lateral field with 2 ridges (3 incisures). D, lateral field showing the change of lateral field pattern from 2 to 7 ridges. E, lateral field showing 7 ridges and the middle one (number 4) is divided into 2 making 8 ridges in lateral field. F, lateral field showing phasmid (p) and 7 ridges changing to 4 then 2. Scales: A = 6.67 μm, B = 5 μm, C = 8.60 μm, D F = 6.67 μm.

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Fig. 2 in Findings Of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) In Nature Reserves In Ukraine

Fig. 2. Consensus sequence alignment of the ITS rDNA region (including partial fragments of the 18S and 28S rDNA genes) of Steinernema isolates.

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Fig. 1 in Findings Of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) In Nature Reserves In Ukraine

Fig. 1. Map of Ukraine with marked areas of soil sampling: 1 — Dniprovsko-Orilsky Nature Reserve; 2 — Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve, "Kamyani Mohyly"; 3 — Kazantip Nature Reserve; 4 — Karadag Nature Reserve; 5 — Crimean Nature Reserve; 6 — Chornomorsky Biosphere Reserve, Ivano-Rybalchansky District; 7 — Nature Reserve "Yelanetsky steppe".

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in The Effect Of Temperature On The Development Of Adult Generations Of Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema Arenarium Isolate Ch

Fig. 1. Scatterplots of canonical scores for females of both generations. Legend: dots — 18 °С; squares — 22 °С; rhombs — 28 °С. Ranges of groups are ellipsed with coefficient 0.95.

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Fig. 2 in The Effect Of Temperature On The Development Of Adult Generations Of Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema Arenarium Isolate Ch

Fig. 2. Scatterplots of canonical scores for males of both generations. Legend: dots — 18 °С; squares — 22 °С; rhombs — 28 °С. Ranges of groups are ellipsed with coefficient 0.95.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Figure 1 in Toxicity and ovicidal activity of different entomopathogenic fungi, Hirsutella extracts on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Figure 1. Accumulated mortality of T. urticae females at 24, 48 and 72 h after being fed with mulberry leaf discs treated with different concentrations of crude extract, six species of Hirsutella under residual effect bioassay. For each extract and mite, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p = 0.05; Tukey HDS test).

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Data from: Insect hypovirulence-associated mycovirus confers entomopathogenic fungi with enhanced resistance against phytopathogens

Mycoviruses can alter the biological characteristics of host fungi including decreasing or enhancing virulence or pathogenicity of phytopathogens and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). As an extensively used EPF, Beauveria bassiana could not only directly control pests, but also improve plant resistance against plant disease through endophytic colonization. However, most studies on the mycoviruses found in B. bassiana have focused on the effects of the viruses on the virulence of host fungi toward insect pests, with relatively few reports on the effects to the host fungi with regard to plant disease resistance in hosts. The present study investigated the effects of the mycovirus Beauveria bassiana chrysovirus 2 (BbCV2) virus infection on host biological characteristics, additionally, we evaluated antagonistic activity of BbCV2 against phytopathogenic fungi (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea) in vitro and their associated diseases both in in vitro leaves and in pot experiments. Our results showed that the mycovirus, BbCV2, enhanced the growth rate, spore production, and biomass of host fungi B. bassiana. BbCV2 virus infection enhanced the capacity of host fungi and their metabolic products to inhibit phytopathogenic fungi S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. BbCV2 virus infection reduced the contents of the two pathogens in tomato plants significantly, and in turn enhanced the plant resistance induced by host fungi colonization against the diseases caused by the two pathogens.

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Fig. 1 in Neem oil increases the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae

Fig. 1 Dacls survcval curves of Aedes aegypti larvae exposed to dcfferent concentratcons of neem ocl. Note: Results are the means (± SE) of three expercments for each treatment wcth 30 cnsects used per treatment for each expercment

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

Fig. 2 in Neem oil increases the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae

Fig. 2 Dacls survcval curves of Aedes aegypti larvae exposed to dcfferent concentratcons of Metarhizium anisopliae concdca. Note: Results are the means (± SE) of three expercments for each treatment wcth 30 cnsects used per treatment for each expercment

Figure 6 in Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Figure 6: Average IJ movement in each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values> 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 3 in Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Figure 3: Index of Dispersion for each of the three species when applied alone in the center of dispersal boxes. Values of D> 1 indicate increasing aggregation. Solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values> 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 2 in Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Figure 2: Pyrex experimental arenas to assess responses when nematodes were added to opposite corners. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. A: Heterospecific experiment arena, where corners have different species of IJs. B: Conspecific test arena, where a single species of IJ was placed at one corner. C: 5 x 5 sampling grid; samples were collected at each circle.

Figure 5 in Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Figure 5: Aggregation shown by each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values> 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 1 in Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Figure 1: Polypropylene experimental arenas to assess introduction at a common point. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. Image shows introduction point on 60mm filter paper and sample locations.

Figure 4 in Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Figure 4: Aggregation shown by each of the three species when center placed, in both conspecific (alone) and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values> 1.5 * the interquartile range). NOTE that y-axis scale changes significantly across the three panels.