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51 results for “environmental predictors”
FIGURE 5 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 5 | Estimated standard length where 50% (L50) and 100% (L100) of the population reached sexual maturity for males (A) and females (B) of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in streams of the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 3 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 3 | Gonadosomatic Index Variation (GSI) of males (A) and females (B) and gonadal maturation stage of males (C) and females (D) of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil. The dashed line represents the accumulated monthly rainfall.
FIGURE 6 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 6 | Variation in the oocyte diameter of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in streams of the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil (A). The dashed black line indicates the minimum diameter of the vitellogenic oocytes. Mature ovary with oocytes in different stages of maturation (B). Photomicrograph of mature (C) and spawned (D) ovary with oocytes in different stages of maturation: I, stage I oocyte; II, stage II oocyte; III, stage III oocyte; IV, stage IV oocyte; AO, atretic oocyte; POF, post ovulatory follicle.
FIGURE 2 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 2 | Sex ratio of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil. Asterisk represents significant differences in sex ratio and the dashed line represents the accumulated monthly rainfall.
FIGURE 4 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 4 |Variation of Condition Factor (K) for males (A) and females (B) ofHyphessobrycon heterorhabdus sampled between March 2019 and January 2020 in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil. The dashed line represents the accumulated monthly rainfall.
FIGURE 1 in Environmental predictors of the life history of the flag tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams of the Eastern Amazon
FIGURE 1 | Location of the streams (black circles) in the Guamá River basin, Eastern Amazon, State of Pará, Brazil, where the specimens of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus were sampled between March 2019 and January 2020.
Figure. Constrained ordination plot as produced from canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The variability of environmental variables is summarized on Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the constrained biplot, explaining the variability of the trophic groups included in the red fox's diet. Trophic groups are shown with black line (unfilled) pyramids, whereas environmental variables are shown with black filled pyramids. Proximity and distance of response centroids to predictor centroids indicate positive and negative correlations between them, respectively. in Factors affecting the diet of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in a heterogeneous Mediterranean landscape
Figure. Constrained ordination plot as produced from canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The variability of environmental variables is summarized on Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the constrained biplot, explaining the variability of the trophic groups included in the red fox's diet. Trophic groups are shown with black line (unfilled) pyramids, whereas environmental variables are shown with black filled pyramids. Proximity and distance of response centroids to predictor centroids indicate positive and negative correlations between them, respectively.
Figure 1 in Environmental predictors for the distribution of the Caspian green lizard, Lacerta strigata Eichwald, 1831, along elevational gradients of the Elburz Mountains in northern Iran
Figure 1. Map of Iran. Colors indicate elevation and dots indicate occurrence of the Caspian green lizard (Lacerta strigata). Dots show presence of records for the species. The square shows the locality of the occurrence near Shiraz.
Figure 4 in Environmental predictors for the distribution of the Caspian green lizard, Lacerta strigata Eichwald, 1831, along elevational gradients of the Elburz Mountains in northern Iran
Figure 4. Response curves showing how the distribution of Lacerta strigata is affected by the environmental variables. Response curves were created using the GLM model. Dots are presences (at habitat suitability = 1) and absences (at habitat suitability = 0). Lacerta strigata was photographed in its natural habitat in the Elburz Mountains by Anooshe Kafash.
Fig. 2 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons
Fig. 2. Nematode and coccidia faecal egg/oocyst counts in raccoons are associated with raccoon age and the month (season) of sampling. (A) Baylisascaris nematodes; (B) strongyle type nematodes; (C) capillariid type nematodes; (D) coccidia.
Fig. 1 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons
Fig. 1. Photographs of nematode eggs and oocysts taken at 40× magnification. (A) Ascarid type nematodes (likely Baylisascaris procyonis); (B) strongyle type nematodes (Placoconis lotoris or Molineus barbatus); (C) capillariid type nematodes (Capillaria procyonis or Capillaria putorii); (D) "large" oocysts; (E) "small" oocysts; (F) "long" oocysts. Scale bar = 20 μm in all photographs.
Fig. 4 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons
Fig. 4. Distribution of coinfections in juvenile raccoons sampled in October and yearling raccoons sampled in July. Raccoons could be infected by 0–4 types of parasite. There was no significant difference between cross-sectionally (A) and longitudinally (B) sampled raccoons in the mean number of types of parasite harboured as juveniles in October, suggesting that parasite coinfections do not contribute to overwinter mortality. However, raccoons tended to clear parasite infections rather than gain them during this interval (C).
Fig. 3 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons
Fig. 3. Changes in gastrointestinal nematode and coccidia infection status and faecal egg or oocyst count for raccoons that were sampled in both July and October of the same year, stratified by age class. (A) Baylisascaris nematodes; (B) strongyle type nematodes; (C) capillariid type nematodes; (D) coccidia. Juvenile raccoons tended to gain nematode infections between July and October. Both adult and juvenile raccoons that were infected with coccidia in July tended to remain infected when resampled in October. Change in egg count = October egg count – July egg count. On average, the faecal egg count of juvenile raccoons increased more than the adult faecal egg count for Baylisascaris, strongyle, and capillariid nematodes (Welch's two sample t-test; pvalue <0.05), but there was no difference in the change in oocyst count for adults vs juveniles.
Shifting environmental predictors of phenotypes under climate change: A case study of growth in high latitude seabirds
<p>Climate change is altering species' traits across the globe. To predict future trait changes and understand the consequences of those changes, we need to know the environmental drivers of phenotypic change. In the present study, we use multi-decadal long datasets to determine periods of within-year environmental variation that predict growth of three seabird species. We evaluate whether these periods changed over time and use them to predict future growth under climate change. We find that predictions of trait change could be improved by considering that 1) the timing of environmental factors used to predict traits (predictive-environmental features) can change over time, and 2) the type of predictive-environmental features can change over time. We find evidence of changes in the timing of environmental predictors in all populations studied and evidence for a change in the type of predictor in the studied Arctic murre population. Environmental models of growth predict that warming conditions will decrease growth rates and bird body sizes in two species (black-legged kittiwakem <em>Rissa</em> <em>tridactyla</em>, and glaucous-winged gullm <em>Larus</em> <em>glaucescens</em>), but not the third (thick-billed murrem <em>Uria</em> <em>lomvia</em>). Consequently, climate change is likely to decrease fledging rates in the gulls and kittiwakes. Further, we find that ice-cover historically predicted murre chick growth well, but no longer does – instead air temperature is now a better predictor of murre growth. Our study highlights a need to investigate whether environmental determinants of trait variation commonly shift in a changing climate and whether such changes have implications for adaptation to novel environments.</p>
Data from: Social and environmental predictors of gut microbiome age in wild baboons
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Data from: Environmental and local habitat variables as predictors of trophic interactions in subtidal rocky reefs along the SE Pacific coast
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Shifting environmental predictors of phenotypes under climate change: A case study of growth in high latitude seabirds
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Time of activity is a better predictor of the distribution of a tropical lizard than pure environmental temperatures
<p>Environmental temperatures influence ectotherms' physiology and capacity to perform activities necessary for survival and reproduction. Time available to perform those activities is determined by thermal tolerances and environmental temperatures. Estimates of activity time might enhance our ability to predict suitable areas for species' persistence in face of climate warming, compared to the exclusive use of environmental temperatures, without considering thermal tolerances. We compare the ability of environmental temperatures and estimates of activity time to predict the geographic distribution of a tropical lizard, <i>Tropidurus torquatus</i>. We compared 105 estimates of activity time, resulting from the combination of four methodological decisions: (1) How to estimate daily environmental temperature variation (modeling a sinusoid wave ranging from monthly minimum to maximum temperature, extrapolating from operative temperatures measured in field or using biophysical projections of microclimate)? (2) In which temperature range are animals considered active? (3) Should these ranges be determined from body temperatures obtained in laboratory or in field? and (4) Should thermoregulation simulations be included in estimations? We show that models using estimates of activity time made with the sinusoid and biophysical methods had higher predictive accuracy than those using environmental temperatures alone. Estimates made using the central 90% of temperatures measured in a thermal gradient as the temperature range for activity also ranked higher than environmental temperatures. Thermoregulation simulations did not improve model accuracy. Precipitation ranked higher than thermally related predictors. Activity time adds important information to distribution modeling and should be considered as a predictor in studies of the distribution of ectotherms. The distribution of <i>T. torquatus</i> is restricted by precipitation and by the effect of lower temperatures on their time of activty and climate warming could lead to range expansion. We provide an R package "Mapinguari" with tools to generate spatial predictors based on the processes described herein.</p>
Data from: Environmental variation is a major predictor of global trait turnover in mammals
Aim: To evaluate how environment and evolutionary history interact to influence global patterns of mammal trait diversity (a combination of 14 morphological and life-history traits). Location: The global terrestrial environment. Taxon: Terrestrial mammals. Methods: We calculated patterns of spatial turnover for mammalian traits and phylogenetic lineages using the mean nearest taxon distance. We then used a variance partitioning approach to establish the relative contribution of trait conservatism, ecological adaptation and clade specific ecological preferences on global trait turnover. Results: We provide a global scale analysis of trait turnover across mammalian terrestrial assemblages, which demonstrates that phylogenetic turnover by itself does not predict trait turnover better than random expectations. Conversely, trait turnover is consistently more strongly associated with environmental variation than predicted by our null models. The influence of clade-specific ecological preferences, reflected by the shared component of phylogenetic turnover and environmental variation, was considerably higher than expectations. Although global patterns of trait turnover are dependent on the trait under consideration, there is a consistent association between trait turnover and environmental predictive variables, regardless of the trait considered. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that changes in phylogenetic composition are not always coupled with changes in trait composition on a global scale and that environmental conditions are strongly associated with patterns of trait composition across species assemblages, both within and across phylogenetic clades.
Investigating social and environmental predictors of natal dispersal in a cooperative breeding bird
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>Natal dispersal is a crucial life history trait that affects both individual fitness and population structure, yet drivers of variation in dispersal probability and distance are difficult to study in wild populations. In cooperatively breeding species, individuals typically delay dispersal beyond their first breeding season and remain on the natal territory as nonbreeders, which prolongs social dynamics that can affect dispersal decisions. Using a 35-year data set covering almost 600 dispersal events in the cooperatively breeding Florida scrub-jay (<i>Aphelocoma coerulescens</i>), we examined the environmental and social parameters that predict dispersal probability over time and distance. In both sexes, dispersal probability increased with age, which in turn was negatively correlated with dispersal distance. In males, individuals occupying low quality natal territories and living with a stepfather had an increased probability of dispersal. Older and more dominant males were more likely to inherit their natal territory. In females, which generally disperse earlier and farther than males, socially subordinate jays dispersed farther than dominant ones. Overall, jays that delayed dispersal the longest were more likely to attain breeding status near their natal territory, which was previously found to be associated with increased survival and lifetime fitness. Our results suggest that social dynamics and environmental factors on the natal territory affect delayed dispersal patterns differently for the two sexes in this cooperative breeder.</span></p>
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