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129 results for “environmentally induced”
Detecting small environmental differences: Risk-response curves for predator-induced behavior and morphology. 2008.
Most organisms possess traits that are sensitive to changes in the environment (i.e. plastic traits) which results in the expression of environmentally-induced polymorphisms. While most phenotypically plastic traits have traditionally been treated as threshold switches between induced and uninduced states, there is growing evidence that many traits can respond in a continuous fashion. In this experiment we exposed larval anurans (wood frog tadpoles, Rana sylvatica) to an increasing gradient of predation risk to determine how organisms respond to small environmental changes. We manipulated predation risk in two ways: by altering the amount of prey consumed by a constant number of predators (Dytiscus sp.) and by altering the number of predators that consume a constant amount of prey. We then quantified the expression of predator-induced behavior, morphology, and mass to determine the level of risk that induced each trait, the level of risk that induced the maximal phenotypic response for each trait, whether the different traits exhibited a plateauing response, and whether increasing risk via increasing predator number or via increasing prey consumption induced similar phenotypic changes. We found that all of the traits exhibited fine-tuned, graded responses and most of them exhibited a plateauing response with increased predation risk, suggesting either a limit to plasticity or the reflection of high costs of the defensive phenotype. For many traits, a large proportion of the maximum induction occurred at low levels of risk, suggesting that the chemical cues of predation are effective at extremely low concentrations. In contrast to earlier work, we found that behavioral and morphological responses to increased predator number were simply a response to increased total prey consumption. These results have important implications for models of plasticity evolution, models of optimal phenotypic design, expectations for how organisms respond to fine-grained changes (i.e. wi
Soil biogeochemical responses to multiple co-occurring forms of human-induced environmental change
Multiple forms of human-induced environmental change are impacting arid ecosystems. Climate change is increasing temperatures and altering precipitation patterns, and many rapidly-growing urban centers are in arid locations. Nitrogen deposition from air pollution accompanies urban activities in many of these locations. These forms of environmental stressors will certainly impact soil communities and the biogeochemical processes for which they are responsible. However, most studies investigate these multiple environmental change factors independently or sometimes in pairs, but rarely all together as co-occurring forms of change. We examined how the simultaneous manipulation of increasing temperatures, altered precipitation patterns (both pulse size and frequency), nitrogen deposition, and urbanization influenced soil respiration and mineral N pools in the Sonoran Desert. In a laboratory microcosm, we incubated soils collected from an urban vs. exurban site, from plots receiving ~20 yrs of experimental N fertilization vs. control plots. The microcosm soils were incubated at ambient vs. +2 degree C temperatures under a factorial precipitation treatment of decreased frequency and increased pulse size. We measured the response of soil respiration rates and inorganic N pools to these co-occurring forms of environmental change.
Data for fitness analyses used in: Environmentally-induced DNA methylation is inherited across generations in water fleas (Daphnia magna)
<p><span>Data of</span> fitness effects of environmental stressors on <em>Daphnia magna</em> over multiple generations. Ages of first and second reproduction, and sizes of first and second brood were measured and used to calculate replacement rate. This data is part of a study on whole-genome bisulphate sequencing on individual <em>Daphnia magna</em> to assess whether environmentally-induced DNA methylation can persist for up to four generations.</p>
Congruence among multiple indices of habitat preference for species facing human-induced rapid environmental change: A case study using the Brewer's sparrow
<p>Accurate evaluations of habitat preference are key to understanding optimal conditions for wildlife survival and reproduction. Habitat selection, however, usually is evaluated using a single index of preference, and congruence among multiple, relevant indices of preference is examined rarely.</p> <p>We assessed the concordance between patterns of habitat preference using three different indices of breeding site preference in a migratory songbird. Specifically, we compared the chronology of territorial establishment, pair formation, and reproductive initiation of the Brewer's sparrow (<em>Spizella breweri</em>) along a gradient of surface disturbance associated with natural gas development in Wyoming, USA during 2019.</p> <p>We expected all three indices to demonstrate a preference for breeding sites with less surface disturbance, where reproductive success typically is higher. By contrast, all indices suggested suboptimal preference with respect to surface disturbance, with some discrepancy among them. The chronology of settlement and pairing did not vary across the disturbance gradient, whereas nest initiation tended to occur earlier at sites with more disturbance.</p> <p>If the pattern of suboptimal selection of breeding sites that we identified is generalizable across other populations of migratory birds affected by energy development, the resultant lower fitness in those areas may exacerbate population declines.</p> <p>Our results suggest that traditional, single-index approaches to the study of habitat selection, if chosen carefully, may provide adequate inference on habitat preferences. Different metrics, however, can lead to at least subtle differences in patterns of habitat selection. The simultaneous examination of multiple indices of preference across a diversity of systems would help clarify the contexts under which preference metrics can become decoupled.</p>
Figure 1 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)
Figure 1 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Lenticular leaf gall on Bignoniaceae sp.1, b) Linear leaf gall on Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Boraginaceae), c) Lenticular leaf gall on Protium brasiliense (Spr.) Engl. (Burseraceae), d-e) Galls on Andira fraxinifolia Benth. (Fabaceae): d) globoid, hairy leaf gall, e) Fusiform leaf vein gall, f) Fruit gall induced by Cecidomyiidae on Ocotea notata (Ness) Mez. (Lauraceae).
Figure 4 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)
Figure 4 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Fusiform stem gall on Smilax rufescens Griseb (Smilacaceae), b-c) Leaf galls on Lantana fucata Lindl. (Verbenaceae): b) Globoid, c) Cylindrical.
Figure 3 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)
Figure 3 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Lenticular leaf gall on Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk. (Myrtaceae), b) Flower bud gall on Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. J. E. Silveira (Myrtaceae), c-d) Leaf galls on Myrtaceae sp.1: c) Marginal roll, d) lenticular, e) Globoid, glabrous leaf gall on Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), f) Fruit gall on Coccoloba sp. (Polygonaceae).
Figure 6 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)
Figure 6 Grouping diagram (UPGMA) for similarity of gall-inducing insects among different Brazilian restingas. AC – Arraial do Cabo, ASP – Acaraí State Park, BAB – Babitonga, BRSP – Bertioga Restinga, State Park, CSSP – Costa do Sol State Park, FCPRNH – Fazenda Caruara Private Reserve of Natural Heritage, GR – Grumari Restinga, JRNP – Jurubatiba Restinga National Park, MEPA – Maricá Environmental Protection Area, MI – Marambaia Island, MR – Marambaia Restinga, PCVSP – Paulo César Vinha State Park, PSSBR – Praia do Sul State Biological Reserve.
Figure 5 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)
Figure 5 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Leaf galls on Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. Silveira (Myrtaceae) – black arrow: original galls induced by Stephomyia mina Maia, 1993 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), white arrows: galls modified by inquilines, b-c) Bud galls on Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr (Erythroxylaceae): b) Original gall induced by Lopesia erythroxyli Rodrigues & Maia, 2010 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), c) Gall modified by inquilines, d-e) Bud galls on Eugenia astringens Cambess. (Myrtaceae): d) Original galls induced byStephomyia rotundifoliorum Maia, 1993 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), e) Galls modified by inquiline, f-g) Bud galls on Myrcia ovata Cambess. (Myrtaceae): f) Original gall induced by Myrciamyia maricaensis Maia, 1995 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), g) Gall modified by inquilines, h-j) Leaf galls on Paullinia weinmanniifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae): h) Original gall induced by Paulliniamyia ampla Maia, 2001 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), i) Gall modified by inquilines.
Figure 2 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)
Figure 2 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Fusiform stem gall on Struthanthus taubatensis Eichler (Loranthaceae), b-c) Flower bud galls on Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae): b) Ovoid, c) Cylindrical, d) Lenticular leaf gall on Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas (Marcgraviaceae), e) Globoid leaf gall on Marcetia taxifolia (A.St.-Hil.) DC. (Melastomataceae), f) Conical bud gall on Myrsine parvifolia (A.DC.) Mez. (Primulaceae).
Understanding behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change: A meta-analysis
<p>Behavioural responses are often the first reaction of an organism to human induced rapid environmental change (HIREC), yet current empirical evidence provides no consensus about the main environmental features that animals respond to behaviourally or which behaviours are responsive to HIREC. To understand how changes in behaviour can be predicted by different forms of HIREC, we conducted a meta-analysis of the existing empirical literature focusing on behavioural responses to five axes of environmental change (climate change, changes in CO<sub>2</sub>, direct human impact, changes in nutrients and biotic exchanges) in five behavioural domains (aggression, exploration, activity, boldness and sociability) across a range of taxa but with a focus on fish and bird species. Our meta-analysis revealed a general absence of directional behavioural responses to HIREC. However, the absolute magnitude of the effect sizes was large. This means that animals have strong behavioural responses to HIREC, but the responses are not clearly in any particular direction. Moreover, absolute magnitude of the effect sizes differed between different behaviours and different forms of HIREC: Exploration responded more strongly than activity, and climate change induced the strongest behavioural responses. Model heterogeneities identified that effect sizes varied primarily because of study design, and the specific sample of individuals used in a study; phylogeny also explains significant variation in our bird model. Based on these results, we make four recommendations to further our understanding: 1) a more balanced representation of laboratory and field studies, 2) consideration of context dependency, 3) standardisation of the methods and definitions used to quantify and study behaviours, and 4) consideration of the role for individual differences in behaviour.</p>
Data and Code for : Transport and environmental impact of ash induced by the Hunga Tonga- Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption
<p>The dataset describes the atmospheric information and oceanic responses to the eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) Volcano. Satellite observations captured the direct impact of volcanic ash on modifying the landscape, including the transport and profile of aerosol content captured respectively by Suomi and CALIPSO, chlorophyll from the reanalyzed satellite products. </p>
Data for fitness analyses used in: Environmentally-induced DNA methylation is inherited across generations in water fleas (Daphnia magna)
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Data from: Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental drivers of local adaptation and climate-change induced maladaptation in yellow warblers
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Understanding behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change: A meta-analysis
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Congruence among multiple indices of habitat preference for species facing human-induced rapid environmental change: A case study using the Brewer’s sparrow
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Data from: Environmental enrichment induces intergenerational behavioural and epigenetic effects on fish
Parental effects influence offspring phenotypes through pre- and post-natal routes but little is known about their molecular basis, and therefore their adaptive significance. Epigenetic modifications, which control gene expression without changes in the DNA sequence and are influenced by the environment, may contribute to parental effects. We investigated the effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour, metabolic rate and brain DNA methylation patterns of parents and offspring of the highly inbreed mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus). Parental fish reared in enriched environments had lower cortisol levels, lower metabolic rates and were more active and neophobic than those reared in barren environments. They also differed in 1,854 methylated cytosines (DMCs). Offspring activity and neophobia were determined by the parental environment. Among the DMCs of the parents, 98 followed the same methylation patterns in the offspring, three of which were significantly influenced by parental environments irrespective of their own rearing environment. Our results suggest that parental environment influences the behaviour and, to some extent, the brain DNA methylation patterns of the offspring.
Ability of the ash dieback pathogen to reproduce and to induce damage on its host are controlled by different environmental parameters
<p>Ash dieback, induced by an invasive ascomycete, <em>Hymenoscyphus</em> <em>fraxineus</em>, has emerged in the late 1990s as a severe disease threatening ash populations in Europe. Future prospects for ash are improved by the existence of individuals with natural genetic resistance or tolerance to the disease and by limited disease impact in many environmental conditions where ash is common. Nevertheless, it was suggested that, even in those conditions, ash trees are infected and enable pathogen transmission. We studied the influence of climate and local environment on the ability of <em>H. fraxineus</em> to infect, be transmitted and cause damage on its host. We showed that healthy carriers, i.e. individuals showing no dieback but carrying <em>H. fraxineus</em>, exist and may play a significant role in ash dieback epidemiology. The environment strongly influenced <em>H. fraxineus</em> with different parameters being important depending on the life cycle stage. The ability of <em>H. fraxineus</em> to establish on ash leaves and to reproduce on the leaf debris in the litter (rachises) mainly depended on total precipitation in July-August and was not influenced by local tree cover. By contrast, damage to the host, and in particular shoot mortality was significantly reduced by high summer temperature in July-August and by high autumn average temperature. As a consequence, in many situations, ash trees are infected and enable H. fraxineus transmission while showing limited or even no damage. We also observed a decreasing trend of severity (leaf necrosis and shoot mortality probability) with the time of disease presence in a plot that could be significant for the future of ash dieback.</p>
Data for: Host infection dynamics and disease induced mortality modify species contributions to the environmental reservoir
<p>Environmental pathogen reservoirs exist for many globally important diseases and can fuel epidemics, influence pathogen evolution, and increase the threat of host extinction. Species composition can be an important factor that shapes reservoir dynamics and ultimately determines the outcome of a disease outbreak. However, disease-induced mortality can change species communities, indicating that species responsible for environmental reservoir maintenance may change over time. Here we examine reservoir dynamics of <em>Pseudogymnoascus</em> <em>destructans</em>, the fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome in bats. We quantified changes in pathogen shedding, infection prevalence and intensity, host abundance, and the subsequent propagule pressure imposed by each species over time. We find that highly shedding species are important during pathogen invasion, but contribute less over time to environmental contamination as they also suffer the greatest declines. Less infected species remain more abundant, resulting in equivalent or higher propagule pressure. More broadly, we demonstrate that high infection intensity and subsequent mortality during disease progression can reduce the contributions of high-shedding species to long-term pathogen maintenance.</p>
Rapid hyperthyroidism-induced adaptation of Salmonid fish in response to environmental pollution
<p><span>The streams draining volcanic landscapes are often characterized by a complex of factors that negatively affect hydrobionts and lead to a decline of their populations. However, in a number of cases, hydrobionts ensure the resilience of populations througth a range of rapid adaptive changes. Here, we present both field and experimental data shedding light on the physiological basis of adaptation in populations of Dolly Varden charr (<em>Salvelinus malma</em>) differing in the duration of isolation in volcanic streams contaminated with heavy metals. The study reveals that isolated populations have a physiological phenotype that distinguishes them from the populations inhabiting clean waters. They are characterized by a hyperthyroid status accompanied by an increased metabolic rate, elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased ionic conductivity of tissues and reduced stored energetic reserves. The experimental data elucidate that hyperthyroidism is an adaptive characteristic enhancing the resistance to heavy metal contamination and shaping the evolution of these populations. The similarity of physiological, developmental and morphological changes in isolated populations suggests a common source and mechanisms underpinning their "evolutionary rescue". Thus, populations of <em>S. malma</em> trapped in volcanic streams represent a genuine case of a rapid neuroendocrine-driven adaptation to changing environmental stimuli.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.