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12 results for “escape behaviour”
Parasite infection disrupts escape behaviour in fish shoals
<p>Many prey species have evolved collective responses to avoid predation. They rapidly transfer information about potential predators to trigger and coordinate escape waves. Predation avoidance behaviour is often manipulated by trophically transmitted parasites, to facilitate their transmission to the next host. We hypothesised that the presence of infected, behaviourally altered individuals might disturb the spread of escape waves. We used the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus, which increases risk-taking behaviour and decrease social responsiveness of its host, the three spined stickleback, to test this hypothesis. Three subgroups of sticklebacks were placed next to one another in separate compartments with shelter. The middle subgroup contained either uninfected or infected sticklebacks. We confronted an outer subgroup with an artificial bird strike, and studied how the escape response spread through the subgroups. With uninfected sticklebacks in the middle, escape waves spread rapidly through the entire shoal and fish remained in shelter thereafter. With infected sticklebacks in the middle, the escape wave was disrupted and uninfected fish did hardlyrarely used the shelter. Infected individuals can disrupt the transmission of flight responses, thereby not only increasing their own predation risk but also that of their uninfected shoal members. Our study uncovers a potentially far-reaching fitness consequence of grouping with infected individuals.</p>
Dataset for: Sensory environment affects Icelandic threespine stickleback's anti-predator escape behaviour
<p>Human-induced changes in climate and habitats push populations to adapt to novel environments, including new sensory conditions, such as reduced visibility. We studied how colonizing newly formed glacial lakes with turbidity-induced low visibility affects anti-predator behaviour in Icelandic threespine sticklebacks. We tested nearly 400 fish from 15 populations and four habitat types varying in visibility and colonization history in their reaction to two predator cues (mechano-visual versus olfactory) in high versus low visibility light treatments. Fish reacted differently to the cues and were affected by lighting environment, confirming that cue modality and light levels are important for predator detection and evasion. Spring-fed fish, especially from the highlands (likely more diverged from marine fish than lowland fish) reacted fastest to mechano-visual cues and were generally most active. Highland glacial fish showed strong responses to olfactory cues and, counter to predictions from the flexible stem hypothesis, the greatest plasticity in response to light levels. This study, leveraging natural, repeated invasions of novel sensory habitats, 1) illustrates rapid changes in antipredator behaviour that follow due to adaptation, early life experience, or both, and 2) suggests an additional role for behavioural plasticity enabling population persistence in the face of frequent changes in environmental conditions.</p>
Parasite infection disrupts escape behaviour in fish shoals
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Dataset for: Sensory environment affects Icelandic threespine stickleback's anti-predator escape behaviour
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Neonicotinoid and sulfoximine pesticides differentially impair insect escape behaviour and motion detection
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Insect nervous systems offer unique advantages for studying interactions between sensory systems and behaviour given that they are complex and yet highly tractable. By examining the neural coding of salient environmental stimuli and resulting behavioural output in the context of environmental stressors, we gain an understanding of the effects of these stressors on brain and behaviour and provide insight into normal function. The implication of neonicotinoid (neonic) pesticides in contributing to declines of non-target species, such as bees, has motivated development of new compounds, which could potentially mitigate putative resistance in target species (1, 2) and declines of non-target species. We used a neuroethological approach, including behavioural assays and multineuronal recording techniques, to investigate effects of imidacloprid and the novel insecticide sulfoxaflor on visual motion-detection circuits and related escape behaviour in the tractable locust system. Despite similar LD50 values, imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor evoked different behavioural and physiological effects. Imidacloprid significantly attenuated collision avoidance behaviours and impaired responses of neural populations, including a decrease in spontaneous firing and decreased neural habituation. In contrast, sulfoxaflor displayed no effect at a comparable sublethal dose. These are the first results to show that a neonic affects population responses and habituation of a visual motion detection system. We propose that differences in the sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor reflect an altered mode of action to imidacloprid. More broadly, we suggest that neuroethological assays for comparative neurotoxicology are a valuable tool to fully address current issues regarding proximal effects of environmental toxicity in non-target species.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Contagious fear: escape behaviour increases with flock size in European gregarious birds
Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals take flight when approached by a potential (human) predator, is a tool for understanding predator-prey interactions. Among the factors affecting FID, tests of effects of group size (i.e. number of potential prey) on FID have yielded contrasting results. Group size or flock size could either affect FID negatively (i.e. the dilution effect caused by the presence of many individuals) or positively (i.e. increased vigilance due to more eyes scanning for predators). These effects may be associated with gregarious species, because such species should be better adapted to exploiting information from other individuals in the group than non-gregarious species. Sociality may explain why earlier findings on group size vs. FID have yielded different conclusions. Here, we analyzed how flock size affected bird FID in eight European countries. A phylogenetic generalized least square regression model was used to investigate changes in escape behavior of bird species in relation to number of individuals in the flock, starting distance, diet, latitude and type of habitat. Flock size of different bird species influenced how species responded to perceived threats. We found that gregarious birds reacted to a potential predator earlier (longer flight initiation distance) when aggregated in large flocks. These results support a higher vigilance arising from many eyes scanning in birds, suggesting that sociality may be a key factor in the evolution of anti-predator behavior both in urban and rural areas. Finally, future studies comparing FID must pay explicit attention to the number of individuals in flocks of gregarious species.
Behavioural correlations across multiple stages of the antipredator response: do animals that escape sooner hide longer?
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Data from: Contagious fear: escape behaviour increases with flock size in European gregarious birds
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Neonicotinoid and sulfoximine pesticides differentially impair insect escape behaviour and motion detection
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Data from: Too important to tamper with: predation risk affects body mass and escape behaviour but not escape ability
1. Escaping from a predator is a matter of life or death, and prey are expected to adaptively alter their physiology under chronic predation risk in ways that may affect escape. Theoretical models assume that escape performance is mass-dependent whereby scared prey strategically maintain an optimal body mass to enhance escape. Experiments testing the mass-dependent predation risk (MDPR) hypothesis have demonstrated that prior experience of predation risk can affect body mass, and the behavioural decisions about evasive actions to take. Other studies on natural changes in body mass indicate that mass can affect escape. No single experiment has tested if all of these components are indeed linked, which is a critical necessary condition underpinning the MDPR. 2. We tested all components of the MDPR in a repeated-measures experiment by presenting predator and non-predator cues to brown-headed cowbirds housed in semi-natural conditions. Exposure to predator cues affected body mass, fat, pectoral muscle thickness, and evasive actions (take-off angle and speed), but not the physiological capacity to escape, as measured by flying ability. Examining individual variation revealed that flying ability was unrelated to mass loss in either sex, unrelated to mass gain in males, and only females that gained a very large amount of mass flew poorly. 3. We next conducted a body mass manipulation in the lab to rigorously test whether small to large perturbations in mass can ever affect flying ability. We induced either no change in mass (control), a moderate reduction of <10%, and a more extreme reduction of >10% which the literature suggests should enhance flight. Flying ability was maintained regardless of treatment. Examining individual variation revealed the same precise patterns as in the first experiment. 4. We conclude that prey may alter their mass and evasive actions in response to predation risk, but their escape ability remains robust and inelastic, presumably because dis-abling oneself is likely to lead to disastrous consequences. We suggest that animals may only face a mass-dependant predation risk trade-off in a narrow set of circumstances linked to life history stages that require large amounts of mass gain, e.g. parturition and migration.
Effect of Verbal Positive Reinforcement, Contingent Escape and Rewarding on Behaviour of Children Undergoing Primary Molar Pulpotomy: a Randomized Clinical Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06524154. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Too important to tamper with: predation risk affects body mass and escape behaviour but not escape ability
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