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104 results for “eusociality”
Relaxation of purifying selection suggests low effective population size in eusocial Hymenoptera and solitary pollinating bees
<p>Data and results of the paper "Relaxation of purifying selection suggests low effective population size in eusocial Hymenoptera and solitary pollinating bees".</p> <p>- data_table_species.csv: contains life-history and geographical range descriptors, terminal branch length and genomic estimated values for each substitution category, for each species in the dataset. Contains results obtained with both the complete data set and the subsampled dataset with 88 species.</p> <p>- data_table_genes.csv: contains values of substitution count that are sums of the values obtained for every species in the alignment. Also contains the results of HyPhy RELAX analyses for each alignment.</p> <p>- data_table_genes_species.csv: contains estimated values for each substitution category for each species in each alignment. Contains results obtained with both the complete data set and the subsampled dataset with 88 species.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Colony discrimination and competition in the eusocial trematode, Himasthla rhigedana
<p>The California horn snail (<em>Cerithideopsis californica</em>) hosts a diverse community of trematode parasite species, yet these species rarely co-occur in the same host. Some trematodes in this community competitively exclude conspecifics and heterospecifics using a soldier caste. How these trematodes can distinguish colonymates from competitors is unknown. Here we examine patterns of colony discrimination in <em>Himasthla rhigedana, </em>a marsh-dwelling species of parasitic trematode that possesses a soldier caste in their intermediate snail hosts<em>.</em> Aggression assays pairing colonies against multiple opponents demonstrate that <em>H. rhigedana</em> distinguish between conspecific colonies, consistently directing more attacks towards colonies collected from a distant marsh. We demonstrate that conspecific interactions between colonies are predominantly symmetrical (both colonies attack during encounters), and that the likelihood of aggression is the same whether the attacker soldier is "sterile" (soldier redia with no germinal balls) or an "intermediate" (soldier redia with developing germinal balls). Recognizing heterospecific or conspecific threats is a necessary function for the evolution of soldier castes, which almost exclusively occur within eusocial insects. By finding parallels in disparate phyla, our results in <em>H. rhigedana</em> provide a foundation for understanding the evolution of colony discrimination generally, as well as in trematode species and other parasite taxa with similar competitive interactions.</p>
Data to "Evidence for the evolution of eusociality in stem ants and a systematic revision of †Gerontoformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" published in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
<p>These are the µCT Datasets used in the study "Evidence for the evolution of eusociality in stem ants and a systematic revision of †<em>Gerontoformica</em> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" published in the Zoological Journal of the linnean society.<br> In the study, an amber piece containing 4 specimens of the stem ant genus †<em>Gerontoformica </em>was investigated, one of them being a pupa belonging to †<em>G. gracilis</em> (CASENT0741231), one adult belonging to †<em>G. gracilis</em> (CASENT0741232) and two adults of the newly described species †<em>G. sternorhabda</em> (CASENT0741233 and CASENT0741234). The adult specimen of †<em>G. gracilis</em> (CASENT0741232) had exception internal preservation, so higher magnification scans for anatomical details were performed. The dataset includes full body scans of all of these individuals, adjusted datasets in which the adult specimens were segmented out of the amber matrix (used for the volume renderings in the article) and the two head focused scans of †<em>G. gracilis</em> (CASENT0741232). The scanning parameters can be taken from the uploaded Scans Metadata Excel file, which is also part of the supplementary material of the related article. The two adult scans of †<em>G. sternorhabda</em> (CASENT0741233 and CASENT0741234) are in DICOM file format, all other data are in TIFF image format.</p>
Data from: Differential neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral impacts of early-age isolation in a Eusocial insect
<p>Social experience early in life appears to be necessary for the development of species-typical behavior. Although isolation during critical periods of maturation has been shown to impact behavior through gene expression and brain development in invertebrates and vertebrates, workers of some ant species appear resilient to social deprivation and other neurobiological challenges that occur during senescence or due to loss of sensory input. It is unclear if and to what degree neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and behavior will show deficiencies if social experience in the early adult life of worker ants is compromised. We reared workers of <em>Camponotus floridanus</em> from adult eclosion under conditions of social isolation for two to 53 days, quantified brain compartment volumes, recorded biogenic amine levels in individual brains, and evaluated movement and behavioral performance to compare the neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, brood-care behavior, and foraging (predatory behavior) of isolated workers with that of workers experiencing natural social contact after adult eclosion. We found that the volume of the antennal lobe, which processes olfactory inputs, was significantly reduced in workers isolated for an average 40 days, whereas the size of the mushroom bodies, centers of higher-order sensory processing, increased after eclosion and was not significantly different from controls. Titers of the neuromodulators serotonin, dopamine, and octopamine remained stable and were not significantly different in isolation treatments and controls. Brood care, predation, and overall movement were reduced in workers lacking social contact early in life. These results suggest that the behavioral development of isolated workers of <em>C. floridanus</em> is specifically impacted by a reduction in the size of the antennal lobe. Task performance and locomotor ability therefore appear to be sensitive to a loss of social contact through a reduction of olfactory processing ability rather than change in the size of the mushroom bodies, which serve important functions in learning and memory, or the central complex, which controls movement.</p>
Fig. 2 in Variation of cuticular chemical compounds in three species of Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) eusocial wasps
Fig. 2. Relative proportions (A) and numbers in percentage terms (B) of the compounds identified in the three social wasp species of the genus Mischocyttarus: Mischocyttarus consimilis, Mischocyttarus bertonii, and Mischocyttarus latior.
Fig. 1 in Variation of cuticular chemical compounds in three species of Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) eusocial wasps
Fig. 1. Representative chromatograms for three species of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus, indicating the 10 compounds common to all of them. 1 = 3-methyloctadecane; 2 = pentacosane; 3 = heptacosane; 4 = 3-methylheptacosane; 5 = octacosane; 6 = X-methyloctacosane; 7 = 3-methyloctacosane; 8 = nonacosane; 9 = 13-methylnonacosane; 10 = 3-methyltriacontane.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Eusocial wasp fauna of Sulawesi Island, the central island of Wallacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Vespinae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Eusocial wasp fauna of Sulawesi Island, the central island of Wallacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Vespinae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/ee7b1d15-b0aa-4960-92f5-e2b8ccd5409e">https://bionomia.net/dataset/ee7b1d15-b0aa-4960-92f5-e2b8ccd5409e</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/ee7b1d15-b0aa-4960-92f5-e2b8ccd5409e">https://gbif.org/dataset/ee7b1d15-b0aa-4960-92f5-e2b8ccd5409e</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Prevalent bee venom genes evolved before the stinger and eusociality
<p>Background: Venoms, which have evolved numerous times in animals, are ideal models of convergent trait evolution. However, detailed genomic studies of toxin-encoding genes exist for only a few animal groups. The hyper-diverse hymenopteran insects are the most speciose venomous clade, but investigation of the origin of their venom genes has been largely neglected.</p> <p>Results: Utilising a combination of genomic and proteo-transcriptomic data, we investigated the origin of 11 toxin genes in 29 published and 3 new hymenopteran genomes and compiled an up-to-date list of prevalent bee venom proteins. Observed patterns indicate that bee venom genes predominantly originate through single gene co-option with gene duplication contributing to subsequent diversification.</p> <p>Conclusions: Most Hymenoptera venom genes are shared by all members of the clade and only melittin and the new venom protein family anthophilin1 appear unique to the bee lineage. Most venom proteins thus predate the mega-radiation of hymenopterans and the evolution of the aculeate stinger.</p>
Data from: Differential neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral impacts of early-age isolation in a Eusocial insect
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Data from: Colony discrimination and competition in the eusocial trematode, Himasthla rhigedana
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Eusociality and the transition from biparental to alloparental care in termites
<ol> <li>In eusocial organisms, cooperative brood care within a colony represents a situation where the ancestral parental care duties have shifted away from the reproductive parent(s) towards their own offspring. The shift to alloparental care was often instrumental in the initial emergence of eusociality, as it ultimately contributed to the establishment of reproductive division of labor.</li> <li>Remarkably, eusocial taxa such as ants and termites, which still display an ancestral independent colony foundation phase, must go through an obligatory parental care period, as a temporary subsocial family unit. In termites specifically, an incipient colony inherently remains a woodroach family unit until alloparental care is established. Colony foundation success can then be limited by a series of factors that may include environmental, behavioral, symbiotic, and physiological constraints.</li> <li>In this study, 450 incipient termite colonies (<em>Coptotermes gestroi</em>) were established to investigate the timing of physiological changes in founders during the transition from biparental to alloparental care. Results showed that the finite initial internal nutritional resources that alates carry during the dispersal flight are a primary limiting factor for successful colony establishment. The <em>Coptotermes</em> queen and king must rapidly establish (< 150 d) their first cohort of offspring to reach alloparental care or simply run out of resources and die. Alates, therefore, carry just enough internal resources to produce the first few alloparents (< 15 workers) to prime the system toward colony ergonomic growth, with a definitive shift to solely reproductive functions.</li> <li>Eusocial insect primary reproductive traits were optimized for three successive functions within the life cycle of a colony: alate dispersal (sexual reproduction), colony foundation (parental care), and colony growth (increased egg production toward colony maturity). However, results suggest that trade-offs involving these functions appear to primarily favor dispersal ones (quantity vs. quality of alates), as founder(s) carry minimal resources and have no room for parental care inefficiency, and as they then fully rely on their alloparents for further reproductive output.</li> </ol> <p>The transition toward alloparental care during colony foundation of eusocial insects may therefore reflect on the initial evolutionary transition from ancestral subsociality to eusociality.</p>
Built to change: dominance strategy changes with life stage in a primitively eusocial bee
<p>Access to reproduction is determined by an individual's dominance rank in many species and is achieved through aggression and/or dominance signalling. In eusocial insects one or several dominant females (queens) monopolize reproduction but to what extent queens rely on aggression and signalling remains obscure. Aggression is costly and its efficiency depends on the group size, whereas signalling may reduce the risks and costs of aggression. Both strategies are used to regulate reproduction in social taxa, with aggression being more common in small social groups, compared to signalling in larger societies. Here, we examine the use of aggression and chemical signalling in a social species (Bombus impatiens) where the dominant queen interacts with increasing numbers of workers as she ages. We found that the queen's strategy to monopolize reproduction changes with life stage, shifting from overt aggression to chemical signalling as the queen gets older. Particularly, old queens exhibited a higher ratio of short to long cuticular hydrocarbons compared to young queens, an endogenous shift that was attributed to age, as all egg-laying queens were fecund and kept with the same number of workers. Our findings contribute to the understanding of reproductive dominance in the context of an individual's life history.</p>
Eusocial evolution without a nest: kin structure of social aphids forming open colonies on bamboo
<p><span>Living in nests is an almost universal feature of eusocial animals. In some aphids, however, sterile soldier castes have evolved in open colonies without a nest. To clarify the factors promoting the evolution of eusociality in these colonies, we used newly developed microsatellite markers to compare the kin structure of the open colonies of two aphid species on bamboo: the non-eusocial colonies of <em>Astegopteryx bambucifoliae</em> and the eusocial colonies of <em>Pseudoregma alexanderi</em>on <em>Dendrocalamus latiflorus</em>. </span><br><br><span>Our samples, from over 1,000 hectares, contained 99 clones of <em>A. bambucifoliae</em> and 19 of <em>P. alexanderi</em>. Clonal mixing occurred in both species: average pairwise relatedness within a colony was 0.54 in <em>A. bambucifoliae</em> and 0.71 in <em>P. alexanderi</em>. Each clone of <em>A. bambucifoliae</em> occurred in a unique location, whereas those of <em>P. alexander</em>i occurred in multiple locations and more than 90% of individuals came from just four clones. There was significant genetic variation among different colonies in the same clu</span><span>mp (stem-cluster)</span><span> in <em>A. bambucifoliae</em> but not in <em>P. alexanderi</em>, indicating that <em>P. alexanderi</em> colonies in a</span><span> single</span><span> clump are genetically homogenized, functioning as a large colony. In <em>P. alexanderi</em>, the proportion of sterile soldiers to normal first-instar nymphs was significantly different across the four clones. </span><br><br><span>Our results indicate that the lack of input of migrants from the primary host and feeding on a large, stable host plant are important ecological factors that might favour the evolution of eusociality, enabling the production of genetically homogenised, large, and long-lived colonies. After eusociality evolves on the secondary host, the optimal strategy of soldier production might vary between different clones.</span></p>
Eusocial evolution without a nest: kin structure of social aphids forming open colonies on bamboo
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Eusociality and the transition from biparental to alloparental care in termites
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Built to change: dominance strategy changes with life stage in a primitively eusocial bee
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Data from: Cognitive tasks could be biased towards generalists: a lesson from wild non-eusocial bees
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Evolution of odorant receptor repertoires across Hymenoptera is not linked to the evolution of eusociality
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The fecundity–longevity trade-off in a clonal eusocial insect: in isolation, subordinate workers match dominants in reproduction
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FIGURES 26–29 in Eusocial wasp fauna of Sulawesi Island, the central island of Wallacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Vespinae)
FIGURES 26–29. Maps showing distribution records of Sulawesian eusocial wasps. 26. Vespa (four species). 27. Polistes (four species). 28. Ropalidiine species non-endemic to Sulawesi I. (five species). 29. Ropalidia species endemic to Sulawesi I. (three species).
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