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Figs 97-102 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figs 97-102: Male genitalia. (97) Amphelissus meieri. (98) Inconnexus lunarus. (99) Labasiella boyaca. (100) L. mcclarini. (101) L. transversalis. (102) L. machupicchu.

Figs 103-107 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figs 103-107: Male genitalia. (103) Labasiella eugeniae. (104) L. tucumanensis. (105) L. varipennis. (106) L. stangei. (107) Macilentus micidus.

Figs 90-96 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figs 90-96: Habitus. (90) Macilentus micidus. (91) Oncochelyna barrigai. (92) O. tuberculate. (93) Pelmatus barri. (94) P. bicolor. (95) Silvanoclerus beechi. (96) S. dilatus.

Figs 81-89 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figs 81-89: Habitus. (81) L. solervicensi. (82) L. transversalis. (83) L. lata. (84) L. labaticollis; (85) L. machupicchu. (86) L. santa. (87) L. stangei. (88) L. tucumanensis. (89) L. varipennis.

Figure 69a in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figure 69a illustrates my hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa included in this work. The WINCLADA and NONA computer analysis produced a tree with the following indices: L 21, Ci 85, Ri 87. The presence of an acute pronotal tubercle and

Figs 67-68 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figs 67-68: Elytral surface and elytral asetiferous puncture. (67) Elytral surface. (68) Elytral asetiferous puncture.

Figs 44-56 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figs 44-56: Various organs. 44-52 Pronota. (44) Silvanoclerus beechi. (45) Labasiella bimaculate. (46) L. boyaca. (47) L. Cochabamba. (48) L. mcclarini. (49) L. eugeniae. (50) L. robles. (51) L. solervicensi. (52) L. transversalis. 53-54 Heads. (53) Inconnexus lunarus. (54) Silvanoclerus dilatus. 54A-54B Generalized shape of the last maxillary palpomeres. (54A) Securiform. (54B) subsecuriform. 55-56 Mesodermal reproductive organs of Amphelissus meieri. (55) Female. (56) Male.

Figs 28-43 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex

Figs 28-43: Pronota. (28) Amphelissus goniodus. (29) A. meieri. (30) Inconnexus lunarus. (31) Labasiella lata. (32) L. labaticollis. (33) L. machupicchu. (34) L. santa. (35) L. stangei. (36) L. tucumanensis. (37) L. varipennis. (38) Pelmatus barri. (39) P. bicolor. (40) Macilentus micidus. (41) Oncochelyna barrigai. (42) O. tuberculate. (43) Silvanoclerus dilatus.

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Complex models of sequence evolution improve fit, but not gene tree discordance, for tetrapod mitogenomes

<p>Variation in gene tree estimates is widely observed in empirical phylogenomic data and is often assumed to be the result of biological processes. However, a recent study using tetrapod mitochondrial genomes to control for biological sources of variation due to their haploid, uniparentally inherited, and non-recombining nature found that levels of discordance among mitochondrial gene trees were comparable to those found in studies that assume only biological sources of variation. Additionally, they found that several of the models of sequence evolution chosen to infer gene trees were doing an inadequate job of fitting the sequence data. These results indicated that significant amounts of gene tree discordance in empirical data may be due to poor fit of sequence evolution models and that more complex and biologically realistic models may be needed. To test how the fit of sequence evolution models relates to gene tree discordance, we analyzed the same mitochondrial datasets as the previous study using two additional, more complex models of sequence evolution that each model a different biologically realistic aspect of the evolutionary process: a covarion model to incorporate heterotachy, and a model partitioned model to incorporate variable evolutionary patterns by codon position. Our results show that both additional models fit the data better than the models used in the previous study, with the covarion being consistently and strongly preferred as tree size increases. However, even these more preferred models still inferred highly discordant mitochondrial gene trees, thus deepening the mystery around what we label the "Mito-Phylo Paradox" and leading us to ask whether the observed variation could be biological after all.</p>

Table 1 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

<p><b>Table 1.</b> Sequence characterstics of each datamatrix.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Taxa</th><th>Characters</th><th>Parsimony-informative characters</th><th>Variable characters</th><th>Consistency index</th><th>Retention index</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>atpB-rbcL</i></th><td>17 + 1*</td><td>729</td><td>2</td><td>15</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>ImpDEF1/ImpDEF2</i></th><td>18 + 2(1)*#</td><td>1023</td><td>43</td><td>145</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.92</td></tr><tr><th>Combined</th><td>18</td><td>1752</td><td>45</td><td>160</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.93</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Consistency index: Kluge & Farris (1969), retention index: Farris (1989).</p><p>* indicates inclusion of the hybrid accession, <sup>#</sup> indicates inclusion of two copies of the nuclear genes <i>ImpDEF1</i> and <i>ImpDEF2</i> of the hybrid accession.</p>

Fig. 17. Impatiens gesneroidea. A & C–E in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 17. Impatiens gesneroidea. A & C–E, Detail of habit with flower in lateral view; B, Flower, frontal view. — A–E, Fischer 11021, Rwanda, Nyungwe National Park, Mt. Bigugu.

Fig. 16 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 16. Impatiens ×troupinii. A, Habit; B, Flower, frontal view; C, Flower, lateral view; D, Flower, lateral view (middle), with flowers of Impatiens purpureoviolacea (left) and I. gesneroidea (right). E & F, Detail of habit. — A–D, Fischer 13912, Rwanda, Rukarara; E & F, Rwanda, Uwinka, not collected.

Fig. 15. Impatiens versicolor. A in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 15. Impatiens versicolor. A, Detail of habit; B, C & E, Flower, frontal view; D & F, Flower, lateral view. — A–F, Fischer 13390, Rwanda, between Pindura and Bweyeye.

Fig. 18. Impatiens superglabra. A & E in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 18. Impatiens superglabra. A & E, Detail of habit; B, D & F, Flower, lateral view; C, Flower, frontal view. — A–F, Fischer 9765, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, Mt. Kahuzi.

Fig. 14. Impatiens elwiraurzulae. A in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 14. Impatiens elwiraurzulae. A, Leaf, upper surface; B, Leaf, lower surface; C & D, Inflorescence; E, Flower; F, Lower sepal with spur; G, Dorsal petal; H & I, Lateral united petals; J, Bracts, pedicel, lateral sepals and anthers. — Scale bar: 1 cm. A–J, Dumbo & Dumbo s.n., Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mulolo.

Fig. 12. Impatiens ludewigii. A & C in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 12. Impatiens ludewigii. A & C, Habit; B, Flowers (left, middle), right a flower of Impatiens purpureoviolacea; D, Flower, frontal view; E, Flower, lateral view. — A & C, Fischer 14500, Rwanda, Uwinka. B, D & E, Fischer 13914, Rwanda, Gisovu.

Fig. 13. A–D, Impatiens elwiraurzulae. A & C in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 13. A–D, Impatiens elwiraurzulae. A & C, Flower, frontal view; B, Flower, lateral view; D, Flower showing only slightly coiled spur. E, Impatiens lotteri, detail of habit with flower. — A–D, Dumbo & Dumbo s.n., Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mulolo; E, Lotter 1542, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ulindi River (Photo: M.C. Lotter).

Fig. 10. Impatiens urundiensis. A in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 10. Impatiens urundiensis. A, Detail of habit; B, Flower, lateral view; C, Flower, frontal view; D, Flower, dorsal view. — A–D, Fischer 13301, Burundi, Kumuyange.

Fig. 9. Impatiens lutzmannii. A in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 9. Impatiens lutzmannii. A, Habit; B, Flower, frontal view; C & D, Flower, lateral view. — A–D, Fischer 13002, Burundi, Bururi Forest Reserve.

Fig. 8. Impatiens kivuensis. A & C in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 8. Impatiens kivuensis. A & C, Details of habit; B, Flower, frontal view; D, Flower, lateral view. — A–D, Fischer 13451, Burundi, Kibira National Park, Mt. Teza.