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13 results for “evolution of life-cycles”
Figure 11 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 11. Four mid-Cambrian species from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia. A, Laggania cambria (= Anomalocaris nathorsti), ventral; B, Anomalocaris canadensis, ventral; C, Amiskwia sagittiformis; D, Nectocaris pteryx. Scale bar = ∼200 mm (A, B), ∼5 mm (C, D). [A, B reproduced with permission from S M Gonn III (from 'The Anomalocarid Bauplan' http://www.geocities.com/goniagnostus/background3.html); C, D, from Marianne Collins in Gould, 1989.]
Figure 9 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 9. Reticulate phylogeny of adults and larvae of extant hemichordates and echinoderms, showing probable sequence of events. Time (horizontal) not to scale. Ord/Sil, Ordovician/Silurian boundary; pres, present; thick black lines, adults; thin black lines, larvae; grey arrows, larval transfers.
Figure 7. Two Cambrian trilobites. A–D in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 7. Two Cambrian trilobites. A–D, stages in the development of Sao hirsute: A, protaspis; B–D, early segmented stages. E, adult Agnostus pisiformis. Scale bar = ∼1 mm (A–D from Borradaile et al., 1935; E redrawn after Fortey, 2000.)
Figure 6 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 6. Stages in the development of the branchiopod crustacean Leptestheria syriaca, to different magnifications. (From Gurney, 1942; as Estheria.)
Figure 5. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 5. A, nauplius of Penaeus sp. (recent Crustacea: Penaeidae). B, C, Martinssonia elongata (upper Cambrian): B, paranauplius II (left first appendage omitted); C, oldest known stage. Scale bar = ∼0.1 mm (A after Gurney, 1942; B, C adapted from Müller & Walossek, 1986b.)
Figure 4 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 4. Enteropneust and pterobranch hemichordates and a planctosphere. A–E, enteropneusta: A, adult Dolichoglossus, B, tornaria larva; C–E, stages in metamorphosis; F, G, Pterobranchia: F, adult Rhabdopleara; G, pterobranch larva. H, Planctosphaeromorpha: adult Planctoshaera pelagica. Scale bar = ∼10 mm (A), ∼1 mm (B–E, G), ∼5 mm (F, H). (Adapted from Borradaile et al., 1935; Hyman, 1959.)
Figure 3. Bryozoan larvae and adult. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 3. Bryozoan larvae and adult. A, trochophore larva of Alcyonidium; B, cyphonautes larva of Membranipora; C, adult zooid of Electra. (After Williamson, 1992.)
Figure 2 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 2. Examples of overlapping metamorphosis. A, Luidia sarsi (Echinodermata): swimming bipinnaria larva and detached juvenile starfish; B, Polygordius sp. (Annelida): two stages showing segmented polychaete worm protruding from swimming trochophore larva; C, Cerebratulus sp. (Nemertea): juvenile nemertean worm within swimming pilidium larva; D, Doliolum mulleri (Urochordata): juvenile doliolid tunicate within cuticle of tadpole larva. Juvenile stippled in each case. (A, C adapted from Williamson, 1992; B, D adapted from Borradaile et al., 1935.)
Figure 1 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 1. Hydroid and medusae of Hebella (Hydrozoa: Thecata). A, gonophores of H. parasitica; B, male and female medusae of H. parasitica; C, medusa of H. furax. (A, B adapted from Boero, 1980; C adapted from Migotto & de Andrade, 2000.)
Figure 10. A in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 10. A phylogram of some metazoans, based on 18S rRNA. (From Williamson, 2002; after Michael Syvanen, unpubl. data)
Figure 8 in Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Figure 8. Larvae of an enteropneust hemichordate and echinoderms. A, tornaria larva of an acorn-worm (Enteropneusta); B, auricularia larva of a sea-cucumber (Holothuromorpha); C, bipinnaria larva of a starfish (Asteromorpha); D, echinopluteus larva of a sea-urchin (Echinomorpha); E, ophiopluteus larva of a brittle-star (Ophiuromorpha); F, doliolaria larva of a sea-lily (Crinomorpha). Scale bar = ∼1 mm (Adapted from Williamson, 1992, 2003.)
Queen-worker conflict can drive the evolution of social polymorphism and split sex ratios in facultatively eusocial life-cycles
<p>Hamilton's idea that haplodiploidy favors the evolution of altruism – the haplodiploidy hypothesis -- relies on the relatedness asymmetry between the sexes, caused by the sex-specific ploidies. Theoretical work on the consequences of relatedness asymmetries has significantly improved our understanding of sex-allocation and intra-colony conflicts, but the importance of haplodiploidy for the evolution of altruism came to be seen as minor. However, recently it was shown that haplodiploidy can strongly favor the evolution of eusociality, provided additional "preadaptations" are also present, such as the production of multiple broods per season and maternal ability to bias offspring sex ratios. These results were obtained assuming no influence of workers on the sex ratio, even though worker control of the sex ratio is known to occur. Here we model the evolution of sex-specific fratricide as a mechanism of worker control over the sex ratio. We show that fratricide can facilitate the initial evolution of helping. However, fratricide can also hamper the evolution of unconditional help. Instead, social polymorphism evolves, a mixture of helping and dispersing offspring. Finally, we show that the co-evolution of sex-allocation strategies of workers (fratricide) and queens leads to a split production of the sexes, with some colonies specializing in males and others in females. Thus, the model predicts that fratricide spawns a diversity of co-existing life cycles that strongly vary in degree of sociality and sex ratios.</p>
Queen-worker conflict can drive the evolution of social polymorphism and split sex ratios in facultatively eusocial life-cycles
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