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73 results for “evolutionary constraint”
Data from: Evolutionary potential and constraints in an aposematic species: Genetic correlations between warning coloration and fitness components in wood tiger moths
<p>Phenotypic data and pedigrees of two laboratory populations of wood tiger moths (<em>Arctia plantaginis</em>) of Finnish (=FIN) and Estonian (=EST) ancestry.</p> <p><strong>Pedigree: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>sire = Father<br>dam=mother</p> <p><strong>Pheno.data: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>Sex: 1=male; 2=female<br>hatchingdate: date when larva hatched<br>pupadate: date of pupation<br>adultdate: date of exclusion<br>Pupa.Weight: weight of pupa [mg]<br>Female.Colour = hindwing colour of females. In this species hindwing colour in females varies continuously from yellow to red. It was quantified by visual matching of hinwdings against a colour scale ranging from 1 = yellow to 6 = red. <br>Signal.Size = larva signal size. Larvae show an orange patch of variable size on the back of their black body. The size is given as number of segments<br>Egg.N = egg number produced by the individual<br>Off.N = offspring number. Larvae were counted 2-3 weeks after egg laying</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Designing eco-evolutionary experiments for restoration projects: Opportunities and constraints revealed during Stickleback introductions
<p>Eco-evolutionary experiments are typically conducted in semi-unnatural controlled settings, such as mesocosms; yet inferences about how evolution and ecology interact in the real world would surely benefit from experiments in natural uncontrolled settings. Opportunities for such experiments are rare but do arise in the context of restoration ecology – where different "types" of a given species can be introduced into different "replicate" locations. Designing such experiments requires wrestling with consequential questions. Q1. Which specific "types" of a focal species should be introduced to the restoration location? Q2. How many sources of each type should be used – and should they be mixed together? Q3. Which specific source populations should be used? Q4. Which type or population(s) should be introduced into which restoration sites? We recently grappled with these questions when designing an eco-evolutionary experiment with threespine stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) introduced into nine small lakes and ponds on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska that required restoration. After considering the options at length, we decided to use benthic versus limnetic ecotypes (Q1) from a mixture of four source populations of each ecotype (Q2) selected based on trophic morphology (Q3), and introduced into restoration lakes in a paired design (Q4). We hope that the present paper outlining the alternatives and resulting choices will provide the rationales clear for future studies leveraging our experiment, while also proving useful for investigators considering similar experiments in the future.</p>
Evolution of static allometry and constraint on evolutionary allometry in a fossil stickleback
<p>Allometric scaling describes the relationship of trait size to body size within and among taxa. The slope of the population-level regression of trait size against body size (<em>i.e., </em>static allometry) is typically invariant among closely related populations and species. Such invariance is commonly interpreted to reflect a combination of developmental and selective constraints that delimit a phenotypic space into which evolution could proceed most easily. Thus, understanding how allometric relationships do eventually evolve is important to understanding phenotypic diversification. In a lineage of fossil Threespine Stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus doryssus</em>), we investigated the evolvability of static allometric slopes for nine traits (five armor, and four non-armor) that evolved significant trait differences across 10 samples over 8,500 years. The armor traits showed weak static allometric relationships and a mismatch between those slopes and observed evolution. This suggests that observed evolution in these traits was not constrained by relationships with body size, perhaps because prior, repeated adaptation to freshwater habitats by Threespine Stickleback had generated strong selection to break constraint. In contrast, for non-armor traits, we found stronger allometric relationships. Those allometric slopes did evolve on short time scales. However, those changes were small and fluctuating and the slopes remained strong predictors of the evolutionary trajectory of trait means over time (<em>i.e.,</em> evolutionary allometry), supporting the hypothesis of allometry as a constraint.</p>
Spatial variation in the evolutionary potential and constraints of basal metabolic rate and body mass in a wild bird
<p><span>Organismal energy budget is strongly related to resource consumption, performance, and fitness. Hence, understanding the evolution of key energetic traits, such as basal metabolic rate (BMR), in natural populations is central for understanding life-history evolution and ecological processes. Here we used quantitative genetic analyses to study evolutionary potential of BMR in two insular populations of the house sparrow <em>(Passer domesticus</em>). We obtained measurements of BMR and body mass (M<sub>b</sub>) from 911 house sparrows on the islands of Leka and Vega along the coast of Norway</span><span>.</span><span> These two populations were the source populations for translocations to create an additional third, admixed "common garden" population in 2012. With the use of a novel genetic group animal model concomitant with a genetically determined pedigree, we differentiate genetic and environmental sources of variation, thereby providing insight into the effects of spatial population structure on evolutionary potential. We found that the evolutionary potential of BMR was similar in the two source populations, whereas the Vega population had a somewhat higher evolutionary potential of M<sub>b</sub> than the Leka population. BMR was genetically correlated with M<sub>b</sub> in both populations, and the conditional evolutionary potential of BMR (independent of body mass) was 41% (Leka) and 53% (Vega) lower than unconditional estimates. Overall, our results show that there is potential for BMR to evolve independently of M<sub>b</sub>, but that selection on BMR and/or M<sub>b</sub> may have different evolutionary consequences in different populations of the same species.</span></p>
Evolution of static allometry and constraint on evolutionary allometry in a fossil stickleback
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A comprehensive map of evolutionary constraints across the enterovirus A genome
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Data from: Designing eco-evolutionary experiments for restoration projects: Opportunities and constraints revealed during Stickleback introductions
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Spatial variation in the evolutionary potential and constraints of basal metabolic rate and body mass in a wild bird
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Data from: Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1,000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; that shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; that anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and that morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
Data from: Evolutionary constraints on tree size and aboveground biomass in tropical dry forests
<p>1. The extent (or lack) of phylogenetic signal for key ecological traits reveals the role of evolutionary processes on present-day ecosystem function and hints on future ecological trends under climate change scenarios. This approach has been applied to South American tropical moist forests, but not to the highly threatened seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF), despite acknowledgement of their unique evolutionary history. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the legacy of evolutionary processes on vital ecological characteristics among SDTF trees: regional dominance, tree size and soil preference.</p> <p>2. We used tree community data on 313 plots of SDTF (12.52 hectares) and locally collected soil data in central-eastern Brazil. For each assessed trait (three for regional dominance, three for tree size and nine for soil preference), we investigated the legacy of evolution using two different approaches: calculating the extent of phylogenetic signal and comparing the fit of four different models of evolution.</p> <p>3. Aboveground woody biomass and tree size showed strong phylogenetic signal. Most of the SDTF biomass stock was concentrated in a few large-sized and closely related tree genera. Among the soil preference variables, only phosphorus displayed significant, albeit weak, phylogenetic signal.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study is the first to show that evolutionary constraints related to tree size significantly determine regional biomass stocks of SDTF in a few closely related tree lineages. This suggests that even isolated SDTF fragments with low taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity can play an important role in the global carbon cycle, storing disproportionally large amounts of carbon in trees that belong to high-biomass lineages. Whether these lineages also share climate change-induced mortality risk deserves future investigation, as they are largely responsible for the maintenance of regional SDTF biomass stocks.</p>
Universal metabolic constraints shape the evolutionary ecology of diving in animals
<p>Diving as a lifestyle has evolved on multiple occasions when air-breathing terrestrial animals invaded the aquatic realm, and diving performance shapes the ecology and behaviour of all air-breathing aquatic taxa, from small insects to great whales. Using the largest dataset yet assembled, we show that maximum dive duration increases predictably with body mass in both ectotherms and endotherms. Compared to endotherms, ectotherms can remain submerged for longer, but the mass scaling relationship for dive duration is much steeper in endotherms than in ectotherms. These differences in diving allometry can be fully explained by inherent differences between the two groups in their metabolic rate and how metabolism scales with body mass and temperature. Therefore, we suggest that similar constraints on oxygen storage and usage have shaped the evolutionary ecology of diving in all air-breathing animals, irrespective of their evolutionary history and metabolic mode. The steeper scaling relationship between body mass and dive duration in endotherms not only helps explain why the largest extant vertebrate divers are endothermic rather than ectothermic, but also fits well with the emerging consensus that large extinct tetrapod divers (e.g. plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs) were endothermic.</p>
Supporting data: Structure-based Markov random field model for representing evolutionary constraints on functional sites
<p>Supporting data for the paper:</p> <p>Chan-Seok Jeong, Dongsup Kim. Structure-based Markov random field model for representing evolutionary constraints on functional sites. Submitted. (2015)</p> <p>See 'README' for a description of the contents.</p>
Conserved patterns and locomotor-related evolutionary constraints in the hominoid vertebral column
<div> <div> <div> <p>The evolution of the hominoid lineage is characterized by pervasive homoplasy, notably in regions such as the vertebral column, which plays a central role in body support and locomotion. Few isolated and fewer associated vertebrae are known for most fossil hominoid taxa, but identified specimens indicate potentially high levels of convergence in terms of both form and number. Homoplasy thus complicates attempts to identify the anatomy of the last common ancestor of hominins and other taxa and stymies reconstructions of evolutionary scenarios. One way to clarify the role of homoplasy is by investigating constraints via phenotypic integration, which assesses covariation among traits, shapes evolutionary pathways, and itself evolves in response to selection. We assessed phenotypic integration and evolvability across the subaxial (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) vertebral column of macaques (<em>n</em> = 96), gibbons (<em>n</em> = 77), chimpanzees (<em>n</em> = 92), and modern humans (<em>n</em> = 151). We found a mid-cervical cluster that may have shifted cranially in hominoids, a persistent thoracic cluster that is most marked in chimpanzees, and an expanded lumbosacral cluster in hominoids that is most expanded in gibbons. Our results highlight the highly conserved nature of the vertebral column. Taxa appear to exploit existing patterns of integration and ontogenetic processes to shift, expand, or reduce cluster boundaries. Gibbons appear to be the most highly derived taxon in our sample, possibly in response to their highly specialized locomotion.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Data from: The evolution of egg shape in birds: Evolutionary constraints and adaptations
<p>Using accurate measures of size and shape, we studied the eggs of 955 extant species across the avian phylogeny, including 39 of the 40 orders, and 78% of the 249 families. We show that the elongation component of egg shape is largely the result of constraints imposed by the female's anatomy during egg formation, whereas asymmetry is mainly an adaptation to conditions during the incubation period. Thus, egg elongation is related to the size of the egg in relation to the size of the female's oviduct and also to either the shape of her pelvis or general body conformation associated with her mode of locomotion. Egg asymmetry is related mainly to clutch size and the structure of the incubation site, factors that influence thermal efficiency during incubation and the risk of breakage. Importantly, general patterns across the phylogeny do not always reflect the trends within families and orders. We argue that the analysis of avian egg shape is most profitably conducted within taxa where all species share similar life histories and ecologies, as there is no single factor that influences egg shape in the same way in all birds.</p>
Dataset and script to: Morphometric variance, evolutionary constraints and their change through time in Late Devonian Palmatolepis conodonts
<p>Phenotypic variation is the raw material of evolution. Standing variation can facilitate response to selection along "lines of least evolutionary resistance", but selection itself might alter the structure of the variance. Shape was quantified using 2D geometric morphometrics in <i>Palmatolepis </i>conodonts through the Late Devonian period. Patterns of variance were characterized along the record by the variance-covariance matrix (P-matrix) and its first axis (Pmax). The Late Frasnian was marked by environmental oscillations culminating with the Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction. A shape response was associated with these fluctuations, together with a deflection of the Pmax and the P-matrix. Thereafter, along the Famennian, <i>Palmatolepis </i>mean shape shifted from broad elements with a large platform to slender elements devoid of platform. This shift in shape was associated with a reorientation of Pmax and the P-matrix, due to profound changes in the functioning of the elements selecting for new types of variants. Both cases provide empirical evidences that moving adaptive optimum can reorient phenotypic variation, boosting response to environmental changes. On such time scales, the question seems thus not to be whether the P-matrix is stable, but how it is varying in response to changes in selection regimes and shifts in adaptive optimum.</p>
Evolutionary history of quadrupedal walking gaits shows mammalian release from locomotor constraint
<p>Vertebrates employ an impressive range of strategies for coordinating their limb movements while walking. Although this gait variation has been quantified and hypotheses for its origins tested in select tetrapod lineages, a comprehensive understanding of gait evolution in a macroevolutionary context is currently lacking. We used freely-available internet videos to nearly double the number of species with quantitative gait data and used phylogenetic comparative methods to test key hypotheses about gait origin and evolution. We find strong support for an ancestral Lateral-Sequence Diagonal-Couplet gait in gnathostomes, and this mode is remarkably conserved throughout tetrapod phylogeny. Evolutionary rate analyses show that mammals overcame this ancestral constraint, resulting in a greater range of gait values than any other tetrapod lineage. Diagonal-Sequence Diagonal-Couplet gaits are significantly associated with arboreality in mammals, though this relationship is not recovered for other tetrapod lineages. Notably, the Lateral-Sequence Lateral-Couplet gait, unique to mammals among extant tetrapods, is not associated with any traditional explanations. The complex drivers of gait diversification in mammals remain unclear, but our analyses suggest that their success was due, in part, to released from a locomotor constraint that has likely persisted in other extant tetrapod lineages for over 375 million years.</p>
Data from: High-resolution single-cell analyses reveal evolutionary constraints and evolvability of sexual circuits in Drosophila
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Data from: Evolutionary constraints in host shifts: limited adaptation of <em>Plutella xylostella</em> to cardenolide-defended <em>Erysimum cheiranthoides</em>
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Data from: Spatial phylogenetics reveals evolutionary constraints on the assembly of a large regional flora
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Reduced evolutionary constraint accompanies ongoing radiation in deep-sea anglerfishes
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.