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58 results for “eyespots”
Fig. 6 in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)
Fig. 6. Seasonal variation in gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes for a.-b. males and c.-d. females of Atlantoraja cyclophora. The number of samples analyzed is between parentheses. The boxes represent the interquartile range between Q1 and Q3 with the 50% of data, the central line represents the median value and whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values
A systematic review and meta-analysis of eyespot anti-predator mechanisms
<p>This is the raw data, analysis script, and supplementary materials for "<em>A systematic review and meta-analysis of eyespot anti-predator mechanisms</em>." (<a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.96338.2">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.96338</a>)</p>
Fig. 1 in Diet composition and feeding habits of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae), off Uruguay and northern Argentina
Fig. 1. Study area showing the location of trawl stations (black dots) and cells of the fishing grid (black rectangles) where individuals of Atlantoraja cyclophora were captured off North Argentina and Uruguay.
Fig. 4 in Diet composition and feeding habits of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae), off Uruguay and northern Argentina
Fig. 4. Mean number of shrimps and teleosts consumed for Atlantoraja cyclophora from off Uruguay and northern Argentina by season and region, respectively.
Fig. 3 in Diet composition and feeding habits of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae), off Uruguay and northern Argentina
Fig. 3. Changes in consumption of different prey with body size, maturity stage, season and region of Atlantoraja cyclophora from off Uruguay and northern Argentina estimated by generalized linear models for number of shrimps, crabs and teleosts. In shrimps: warm season with solid lines and open circles; cold season with dashed lines and solid circles. In teleosts: north region with solid lines and open circles; south region with dashed lines and solid circles.
Fig. 2 in Diet composition and feeding habits of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae), off Uruguay and northern Argentina
Fig. 2. Cumulative mean Shannon diversity index as a function of sample size for prey of Atlantoraja cyclophora from off Uruguay and northern Argentina. Dashed lines indicate standard deviation.
Fig. 5 in Diet composition and feeding habits of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae), off Uruguay and northern Argentina
Fig. 5. Quantile regressions of carapace width (CW) of crabs, cephalothorax length (CL) of shrimps and total length (TL) of teleosts and total length of Atlantoraja cyclophora. The solid, dashed and dotted lines are 5%, 50% and 95% quantile regressions, respectively.
Data from: Predator response to the coloured eyespots and defensive posture of Colombian four-eyed frogs
<p><span>Deimatic displays, where sudden changes in prey appearance elicit aversive predator reactions, have been suggested to occur in many taxa. These (often only putative) displays frequently involve different components that may also serve antipredator functions via other mechanisms (e.g. mimicry, warning signalling, body inflation). The Colombian four-eyed frog, <em>Pleurodema</em> <em>brachyops</em>, has been suggested to gain protection against predation through putative deimatic displays where they inflate and elevate the posterior part of their body revealing eye-like colour markings. We exposed stationary artificial frogs to wild predators to test whether the two components (eyespot/colour markings, defensive posture) of their putative deimatic display, and their combination, provide protection from predation without the sudden change in appearance. We did not detect any obvious additive effect of defensive posture and eyespots/colour markings on predation risk but found a marginally-significant trend for model frogs in the resting posture to be less attacked when displaying eyespots/colour markings than when they were not, suggesting that the presence of colour markings/eyespots may provide some protection on its own. Additionally, we found that models in a resting posture were overall more frequently attacked on the head than models in a defensive posture, indicating that a defensive posture alone could help redirect predator attacks to non-vital parts of the body. The trends found in our study suggest that the different components of <em>P. brachyops</em>' coloration may serve different functions during a deimatic display, but further research is needed to elucidate the role of each component when accompanied by sudden prey movement.</span> </p>
Eyespot peek-a-boo: Leaf rolls enhance the antipredator effect of insect eyespots
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Relative size matters: Eyespots on large insect prey deter small arthropod predators
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Data from: Predator response to the coloured eyespots and defensive posture of Colombian four-eyed frogs
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Data & Code: Artificial eyespots on cattle reduce predation by large carnivores
<p>Data and code used in article on: artificial eyespots on cattle reduce predation by large carnivores.</p>
Figure 1. - Paracreptotremarosenthali sp. n. A Ventral view of holotype; arrows indicate fragments of eyespot pigment B Cirrus sac; arrow indicates anteriormost margin of acetabulum. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 25 µm.
Figure 1. - Paracreptotremarosenthali sp. n. A Ventral view of holotype; arrows indicate fragments of eyespot pigment B Cirrus sac; arrow indicates anteriormost margin of acetabulum. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 25 µm.
Data from: Predation favours Bicyclus anynana butterflies with fewer forewing eyespots
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FIGURE 1 in A new species of Ophthalmoblysis Scoble, 1995 (Geometridae: Ennominae) from México with 'sleepy' eyespots
FIGURE 1. Ophthalmoblysis ibarrai sp. n. Dorsal and ventral sides of adult male (A&B) and female (C&D). Pictures taken by A. Ibarra. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Ophthalmoblysis Scoble, 1995 (Geometridae: Ennominae) from México with 'sleepy' eyespots
FIGURE 4. Hindwing eyespot in species of Ophthalmoblysis. Unless stated otherwise, all images were obtained from the BOLD website (v3.boldsystems.org). Some images are of very low resolution and had to be kept small. Top, left to right: O. plutus Oberthür, 1916, O. fulvata Warren, 1905b, O. croesus Oberthür, 1916, O. cinerea Warren, 1909 (copied from Pitkin 2002). Bottom, left to right: O. fulvistrota Dognin, 1908 (from USNM type), Ophthalmoblysis sp. from Brazil (maybe lydius), Ophthalmoblysis sp. from Costa Rica, and O. ibarrai sp. n.
Data from: A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots
Many insects possess conspicuous external circular ring markings that resemble the eye of a vertebrate. These 'eyespots' typically function to startle or otherwise deter predators, but few studies have examined how eyespots have evolved. We study the evolution of the posterior larval eyespot in the charismatic New World hawkmoth genus Eumorpha. While Eumorpha has a range of posterior larval eyespot shapes and sizes, little is known of how this trait has evolved because phylogenetic relationships of Eumorpha remain largely unknown. In this study, we included 62 individuals from 23 of 26 described Eumorpha species, and sequenced four genes (CAD, EF-1α, Wingless and COI), totaling 3773 base pairs. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods produced largely congruent trees with well-supported relationships. Our analyses reveal that Eumorpha probably had an ancestor with a posterior larval eyespot and that the eyespot was subsequently lost in at least three lineages. Eumorpha appears to have originated in Central and South America and expanded its distribution to North America.
Data from: What makes eyespots intimidating? - the importance of pairedness
Background: Many butterflies possess striking structures called eyespots on their wings, and several studies have sought to understand the selective forces that have shaped their evolution. Work over the last decade has shown that a major function of eyespots is their ability to reduce predation by being intimidating to attacking predators. Two competing hypotheses seek to explain the cause of intimidation, one suggesting 'eye-mimicry' and the other their 'conspicuousness' as the reason. There is an on-going debate about which of these better explains the effectiveness of eyespots against predation. We undertook a series of indoor experiments to understand the relative importance of conspicuousness and eye-mimicry, and therefore how predator perception may have influenced the evolution of eyespots. We conducted choice tests where artificial paper models mimicking Junonia almana butterflies were presented to chickens and their preference of attack recorded. Results: We first established that birds avoided models with a pair of eyespots. However, contrary to previous, outdoor experiments, we found that the total area of eyespots did not affect their effectiveness. Non-eye-like, fan shaped patterns derived from eyespots were found to be just as effective as eye-like circular patterns. Furthermore, we did not find a significant effect of symmetry of patterns, again in discordance with previous work. However, across all experiments, models with a pair of patterns, symmetric or asymmetric, eyelike or non-eye-like, suffered from fewer attacks compared with other models. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of pairedness of eyespots, and supports the hypothesis that two is a biologically significant number that is important in prey–predator signalling. We discuss the implications of our results for the understanding of eyespot evolution.
Morpho butterflies eyespot data
<p>This data set contains (1) the presence absence data of each eyespot at each of the different putative locations (eyespot_nb.txt); (2) the coordinates of the 4 landmarks used to assess eyespot positions plus landmarks depicting wing shape for wing shape/eyespot covariation (Moyen-post-final.txt); (3) the coordinates of the semilandmarks and landmarks used to assess eyespot shape variation (Ocelles-contour-final BE.txt).</p>
Are behavioural responses to eyespots in sticklebacks influenced by the visual environment? An experimental examination
<p>Eyespots are taxonomically widespread colour patterns consisting of large concentric rings that are commonly assumed to protect prey by influencing the behaviours of predators. Although there is ample experimental evidence supporting an anti-predator function of eyespots in terrestrial animals, whether eyespots have a similar deterring function in aquatic animals remains unclear. Furthermore, studies in terrestrial systems suggest that the protective function of eyespots depends on ambient light conditions where predators encounter them, but this effect was never been tested in aquatic environments. Here, we examine how eyespots influence behavioural responses in an aquatic environment under different visual environments, using laboratory-reared three-spined sticklebacks (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) as model predators. Specifically, we experimentally examined behavioural responses of sticklebacks towards artificial prey patterns (control vs eyespots) under two different light environment treatments (low vs high). We found that eyespots did not postpone attacks from sticklebacks. However, sticklebacks approaching eyespots stopped more frequently than sticklebacks approaching prey items with a control pattern. Sticklebacks were (marginally) slower to attack prey in the low light treatment, but light level did not influence stickleback behavioural responses towards eyespots. We conclude that that eyespots can modulate some behaviours of an aquatic predator, albeit with a different functional role than previously demonstrated in terrestrial species.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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