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272 results for “facultative”
H4K20me3 is important for Ash1-mediated H3K36me3 and transcriptional silencing in facultative heterochromatin in a fungal pathogen
<p>Normalized ChIP-seq datasets for visualization in IGV. The tracks contain means of pooled replicate datasets.</p> <p>ChIP-seq data were quality-filtered and adapters removed with trimmomatic v.0.39 (Bolger et al., 2014). Mapping was performed with bowtie2 v.2.4.4 (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012), and sorting and indexing with samtools v.1.9 (Li, 2011). Normalized coverage bigwig files and heatmaps were created with deeptools v.3.5.1 (Ramírez et al., 2016). Wiggletools v.1.2 and the UCSC Genome Browser tools were used to calculate means for replicates and converting wig to bigwig files.</p> <p>Reference genome file is modified from Goodwin et al., 2011. Chromosome 18 was removed from the genome as our reference isolate is missing chromosome 18. </p> <p>Gene annotation file was obtained from FungiDB (release 53) and is based on the annotation published by Grandaubert et al., 2015.</p> <p>In this version, we have added new ChIP-seq bw tracks for ∆ash1::ash1-gfp-V5 and ∆kmt5::kmt5 complementation experiments. All tracks coming from this experiment are labeled *_compl_exp_mean.bw.</p> <p>We also added ChIP peak files (peaks called with HOMER: Heinz et al., 2010) for H4K20me3, H3K36me3 and H3K27me3 in WT, ∆kmt5 and ∆ash1, as well as H3K36me3 peak files for Set2- and Ash1-mediated H3K36me3.</p> <p>We have also added bed files (500 bp windows) containing facultative heterochromatin clusters 1 (Zt09_500bp_K27filtered_K36_K20_cluster1.bed) and 2 (Zt09_500bp_K27filtered_K36_K20_cluster2.bed). </p>
Support for Baker's law: facultative self-fertilization ability decreases pollen limitation in experimental colonization
<p><strong>Support for Baker’s law: facultative self-fertilization ability decreases pollen limitation in experimental colonization (datasets for paper in the American Journal of Botany)<br></strong></p> <p>There are 2 files associated with this manuscript. The “PLseedsetindividual.csv” file contains seed set for the pollen limitation treatments for each plant in the experimental populations. Pollinator observation data is available in the “pollinator.csv” file</p> <p><br><strong>Description of the data and file structure:</strong></p> <p><strong>PLseedsetindividual.csv</strong></p> <ul> <li>source.population = one of the four source populations used to create our experimental populations</li> <li>autonomy= autonomous selfing category, high or low</li> <li>individual = plant id</li> <li>experimental.population = the id of the experimental population </li> <li>site = site ID</li> <li>size = size of experimental population, single or small</li> <li>date initiated = date experimental population was put in the field</li> <li>dayfromstartofexperiment = derived from date, the time from the start of the experiment that the experimental population was initiated</li> <li>treatment = the pollination treatment for that flower, control or supplemented</li> <li>seed number = seed set for the treated flower</li> </ul> <p><br><strong>Pollinator.csv</strong></p> <ul> <li>experimental.population = the id of the experimental population </li> <li>site = site ID</li> <li>start.date = day experimental population was initiated</li> <li>end.date = day the experimental popuation was taken out of the field</li> <li>source population = one of the four source populations used to create our experimental populations</li> <li>autonomy= autonomous selfing category, high or low</li> <li>size = size of experimental population, single or small</li> <li>number of plants = number of plants in the experimental population </li> <li>flowers day x (1–4) = number of flowers on day 1</li> <li>males day x (1-4) = number of flowers on day X</li> <li>day.<em>x</em>.poll.date = date of day 1 or day 2 pollinator observation </li> <li>day.<em>x</em>.poll.time = time of day 1 or day 2 pollinator observation </li> <li>bb.day.<em>x</em>, mb.day.x,, sb.day.x., = bumblebee, medium bee, small bee visits on day 1 or day 2</li> <li>total.poll.visits = The total number of pollinator visits across day 1 and day 2</li> <li>visits.per.flower = the number of flowers was averaged across day 1 and day 2. The total number of visits were then divided by the average flower number.</li> </ul>
Data from: Do pheromones contribute to the persistence of asexual populations in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect?
<p>Facultative parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which females can either lay unfertilised eggs that typically develop into female offspring only, or mate and lay fertilised eggs that develop into male and female offspring. Facultative parthenogens often occur in mixed-sex populations where reproduction is mostly sexual, and all-female populations where reproduction is asexual. How all-female populations avoid invasion by males remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of volatile and non-volatile (cuticular hydrocarbons, CHCs) pheromones in the persistence of all-female populations in the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect, <em>Megacrania </em><em>batesii</em>. We found that <em>M. batesii</em> exhibits slight sexual dimorphism in antenna morphology, and behavioural assays provided little evidence that males could locate females solely by volatile pheromones. However, CHC profiles differed substantially between different types of females. Analysis of CHC structure and abundance indicated a clear genetic difference between females from all-female versus mixed-sex populations, as well as a maternal effect of female parthenogenesis versus sexual development. Together, our results suggest that males might rely more on close-range chemical cues to differentiate females, and chemical communication could play a role in the persistence of all-female populations.</p>
Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
<p>Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. These patterns, characterized by a mosaic of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens – species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. <em>Megacrania batesii</em> is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of <em>M. batesii</em> displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of <em>M. batesii</em> and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for <em>M. batesii</em>, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host plant density, which could affect <em>M. batesii</em> dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual <em>M. batesii</em> populations, and no difference in host-plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of <em>M. batesii</em>. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics.</p>
Data from: What ecological factors favor parthenogenesis over sexual reproduction? A study on the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus in natural populations
<p>Different reproductive modes are characterized by costs and benefits which depend on ecological contexts. For example, sex can provide benefits under complex biotic interactions, while its costs increase under mate limitation. Furthermore, ecological contexts often vary along abiotic gradients. Here, we study how these factors simultaneously influence the frequency of sex in the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus . We first verified that parthenogenesis translates into female-biased population sex ratios. We then measured the density of individuals (a proxy for mate limitation) and community diversity (biotic interaction complexity) for 159 A. muticus populations covering a broad altitudinal gradient and used structural equation modeling to investigate their direct and indirect influences on sex ratios. We found no effect of community diversity or altitude on sex ratios. Furthermore, even when females can reproduce parthenogenetically, they generally reproduce sexually, indicating that the benefits of sex exceed its costs in most situations. Sex ratios only become female-biased under low population densities, as expected if mate limitation was the main factor selecting for parthenogenesis. Mate limitation might be widespread in mayflies because of their short adult lifespan and limited dispersal, which can generate strong selection for reproductive assurance and may provide a stepping-stone towards obligate parthenogenesis.</p>
Fig. 6 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 6. Box and jitter plots of L/H ratios of different categories of Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens. Categories as defined in text and Table 1. Boxes represent 25–75 per cent quartiles and horizontal lines inside the boxes indicate median values. Abbreviations: ♀, female; ♂, male; O, other with indeterminate sex.
Fig. 5 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 5. Ostreid bivalve Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. from Mangrol open pit mine, Surat, western India, Ypresian Cambay Basin. A. PG/CB/Os 5, paratype, right valve, external view (A1); detail showing 3 attached spat, all more or less rounded (A2, rotated 180° with respect to A1 to make the spat upright). B. PG/ CB/Os 41a, paratype, juvenile, left valve, attached on a small right valve (not shown), internal view. C. PG/CB/Os 39, right valve, juvenile, external view showing rounded and convex nature. D. PG/CB/Os 34, right valve of a specimen at mid-ontogeny, external (D1) and internal (D2) views; close-up of dorsal area showing rounded form in early ontogeny (D3); close-up of hinge area (D4) with arrow pointing to chomata. E. PG/CB/Os 36, paratype, juvenile, left valve, internal (E1) and external (E2) views. F. PG/CB/Os 12, juvenile, left valve, external view showing rounded and rotated early growth stage.
Fig. 2 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic section of the lower part of the Mangrol open pit mine. The type and relative proportion of fossils in different levels are indicated. The star demarcates the level from which the Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens were collected.
Fig. 1. A in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of the studied area. B. Geological map of a part of the Cambay Basin with locations of the Mangrol and the Vastan (now abandoned) open pit mines (modified after Sahni et al. 2006).
Fig. 2 in Resource use by the facultative lepidophage Roeboides affinis (Günther, 1868): a comparison of size classes, seasons and environment types related to impoundment
Fig. 2. Medians of percentage volume of scales consumed by Roeboides affinis in the upper Tocantins river, from 1995 to 2000, in: (a) different environmental types (Lotic, n = 38, vs. Lentic, n = 52); (b) seasons (Dry, n = 25, vs. Wet, n = 68); (c) size classes 1 (n = 12), 2 (n = 38), 3 (n = 26), 4 (n = 9) and 5 (n = 5) and (d) different post-impoundment phases (Filling, n = 9, vs. Operation, n = 2) in lentic sites.
Fig. 1 in Resource use by the facultative lepidophage Roeboides affinis (Günther, 1868): a comparison of size classes, seasons and environment types related to impoundment
Fig. 1. CA ordination of 155 individuals of Roeboides affinis of two groups formed by five size classes (Group1, n = 33, and Group 2, n = 22) according to the consumption of food items (volumetric proportions) in the upper Tocantins River in two environment types (Lotic, n = 61, vs. Lentic, n = 94) related to its impoundment by the Serra da Mesa Hydroelectric Dam, from 1995 to 2000.
Figure 5 in Landscape biogeography and population structuring of a facultatively amphidromous galaxiid fish, Galaxias brevipinnis
Figure 5. – Bar plots showing density of Galaxias brevipinnis larvae per m3 of water in plume, near shore, and off shore sites in large river (left) and small river (right) sites. The Dart River, Reese River, Greenstone River, and Buckler Burn are tributaries of Lake Wakatipu while Makarora River, Matukituki River, Boundary Creek, and Albert Burn are tributaries of Lake Wānaka. No larvae were collected in near shore and off shore samples from Greenstone River.
Figure 3. – Average STRUCTURE results aggregated using CLUMPAK for populations 2–6 and 9. K in Landscape biogeography and population structuring of a facultatively amphidromous galaxiid fish, Galaxias brevipinnis
Figure 3. – Average STRUCTURE results aggregated using CLUMPAK for populations 2–6 and 9. K = 6 was selected as the most likely population estimate using Evanno's method. STRUCTURE initially separated the lakes draining to the east coast (L. Wānaka and L. Wakatipu) from all other sites at K = 2. The West Coast lakes were split away next (K = 3), with L. Moeraki and L. Paringa splitting at K = 4 and L. Cristabel at K = 5. East coast L. Wānaka and L. Wakatipu were split at K = 6. L. Paringa and L. Moeraki are split form each other at K = 9.
Figure 3 in Pollination and breeding system in two sympatric Fuchsia (Onagraceae) species at the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Brazil): Hummingbirds, insects and facultative self-pollination
Figure 3. Importance Value Index (IVI) for the pollinators of Fuchsia campos-portoi, F. regia, and the overall for both species (Total).
Figure 2. A-D in Pollination and breeding system in two sympatric Fuchsia (Onagraceae) species at the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Brazil): Hummingbirds, insects and facultative self-pollination
Figure 2. A-D. Pollinators of F. regia. A and B. Clytolaema rubricauda (Trochilidae) showing large amounts of pollen of F. regia on the throat (B). C and D. Acroceridae flies. E-H. pollinators of F. campos-portoi. E. and F. Stephanoxis lalandi (Trochilidae). Notice the pollen onto the throat (F). G. and H. Bombus brasiliensis (Apidae). Notice the stigmatic surface touching the bee's ventral region (H).
Fig. 2 in A new case of facultative paedomorphosis in Smooth Newts, Lissotriton vulgaris (Caudata: Salamandridae), in Turkey
Fig. 2. The general view of habitat (A) and a male paedomorphic Lissotriton vulgaris (B, C) from Lake Sazlı (Izmir, Turkey). The arrows show the cloaca (B) and the gills (C).
Figure 1 in First record of facultative paedomorphism in the Kosswig's newt Lissotriton (vulgaris) kosswigi (Freytag, 1955) (Urodela; Salamandridae), endemic to northwestern Turkey
Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of the Lissotriton vulgaris group in Turkey. The range of kosswigi is in red; the range of schmidtlerorum is in blue; the question mark denotes the potential occurrence of lantzi in the extreme northeast of Turkey. Facultative paedomorphic populations for schmidtlerorum are marked with a white star. The first facultative paedomorphic population for kosswigi, newly reported in this paper, is marked with a black star.
Figure 3 in First record of facultative paedomorphism in the Kosswig's newt Lissotriton (vulgaris) kosswigi (Freytag, 1955) (Urodela; Salamandridae), endemic to northwestern Turkey
Figure 3. Lateral view of 4 Lissotriton (vulgaris) kosswigi individuals from İhsaniye, Karasu, representing (from top to bottom) a male metamorph, a male paedomorph, a female paedomorph, and a female metamorph.
Figure 3 in Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae), the first facultative mussel-associated leech in Europe
Figure 3. Dorsal (D) and ventral (V) view of ethanol-preserved Helobdella stagnalis specimens from the mantle cavity of freshwater mussels, Volga River basin, European Russia (leeches were fixed without precursory relaxation). (a) Specimen RMBH Hir_0464_1 carrying cocoons with eggs on its venter. (b) Specimen RMBH Hir_0465. (c) Specimen RMBH Hir_0466. (d) Specimen RMBH Hir_0467. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. Photos: Tatyana A. Eliseeva.
Figure 1 in Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae), the first facultative mussel-associated leech in Europe
Figure 1. Map of collecting localities in the Volga and Don River basins, European Russia. The color filling indicate river basins: Don (1) and Volga (2). The red circles indicate localities in which freshwater mussels (Unionidae) were infested by the glossiphoniid leech species Helobdella stagnalis. The green circles indicate localities in which freshwater mussels were not infested by leeches. The yellow circles indicate the larger cities. The raw data on occurrence of leech and mussel host can be downloaded from figshare (Bolotov et al. 2022: Dataset 1).
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