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890 results for “fear”
PsPM-FER02: PSR, SCR, ECG and respiration measurements from a 3 conditions x 3 experimental sessions repeated-measures design to assess the return of fear
<p>This dataset includes pupil size response (PSR), skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses, keypress response times, key correctness and shock expectancy ratings at the end of the experiment for 74 healthy unmedicated participants (33 males and 41 females aged 24.2+/-3.9 years) participating in a 3 conditions x 3 experimental sessions repeated-measures design to assess the return of fear. CS were colored triangles (yellow/red/blue). US consisted of a 500 ms train of 250 square pulses with individual pulse width of 0.2 ms. SOA between the CS onset and US was 3.5 s. CS and US co-terminated. The ITI was randomly determined as discrete values between 7-11 seconds (mean 9 seconds).</p>
Dynamic landscapes of fear and safety alter prey refuge use in freshwater habitats
The non-consumptive effects of predators on prey behavior have been studied in many different systems. However, predator-prey ecology has placed a bulk of emphasis on how fear alters prey behavior, and new studies have begun to shift focus to the importance that safety in the form of refuges has in structuring prey behavioral responses. This project focuses on changes in the safety landscape as well as changes in the fear landscape and how these changes impact crayfish behavior. Using an established bass-crayfish predator prey system, we altered shelter quality and location in relation to the presence of bass odor signals. We measured shelter use by the crayfish in response to this changing landscape.
Landscape of fear and safety summer 2025 data from University of Michigan Biological Station stream research facilities
Predator prey interactions are often driven by sensory cues and these cues play a role in non-consumptive effects. We are interested in the role that chemical cues (from predators) play in resource use by one of fish common prey, crayfish. We created flow through mesocosms and populated them with crayfish and various configurations of shelters and food. Then we presented to the crayfish predator cues (from large mouth bass) and measured behavioral responses from midnight to 4 am.
PsPM-TC: SCR, ECG, EMG and respiration measurements in a discriminant trace fear conditioning task with visual CS and electrical US.
<p>This dataset includes skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses and keypress response times from 18 healthy unmedicated participants (8 males and 10 females aged 23.89+/-2.52 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant trace fear conditioning task. CS were a red and a blue rectangle presented for 3 seconds. US consisted of 0.5 s square electric pulses with 0.2 ms duration and 10 Hz frequency. SOA between the CS onset and US was 4 s. The ITI was randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
PsPM-VC7B: SCR and PSR measurements in a delay fear conditioning task with visual CS and electrical US.
<p>This dataset includes pupil size response (PSR) and skin conductance response (SCR) measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses, keypress response times, key correctness and shock ratings for each of 21 healthy unmedicated participants (6 males and 15 females aged 27.9+/-5.5 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. Four sets of CS+/CS- were used. Simple CS consisted of Gabor patches rotated to the left or to the right; complex CS consisted of plaids created from two Gabor patches that were overlaid on each other with a 230° angle, rotated to the left or to the right. US consisted of a train of electric square pulses delivered with a constant current stimulator (Digitimer DS7A, Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK) on participants’ dominant forearm through a pin-cathode/ring-anode configuration. SOA between the CS and US is 3.5 s. The ITI is randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
PsPM-DoxMemP: SCR, ECG and respiration measurements in a delay fear conditioning task with visual CS and electrical US.
<p>This dataset includes skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses and keypress response times for 20 healthy unmedicated participants (7 males and 13 females aged 26.15+/-4.15 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. CS were a red and a blue rectangle. US consisted of 0.5 s square electric pulses with 0.2 ms duration and 10 Hz frequency. SOA between the CS onset and US was 3.5 s. CS and US co-terminated. The ITI was randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
PsPM-FR: SCR, ECG and respiration measurements in a delay fear conditioning task with visual CS and electrical US.
<p>This dataset includes skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses and keypress response times for 31 healthy unmedicated participants (09 males and 23 females aged 23.32+/-3.61 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. CS were a red and a blue rectangle. US consisted of 0.5 s square electric pulses with 0.2-ms duration and 10 Hz frequency. SOA between the CS onset and US was 3.5 s. CS and US co-terminated. During extinction phase, an auditory startle probe (ST) was delivered 3.8 s after CS onset via headphones (100 dB, 50 ms duration with 2ms on- and offset ramp). The ITI was randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p> <p> </p>
PsPM-PubFe: Pupil size response in a delay fear conditioning procedure with auditory CS and electrical US.
<p>This dataset includes pupil size response (PSR), skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses, keypress response times and key correctness for each of 22 healthy unmedicated participants (7 males and 15 females aged 26.4+/-5.2 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. CS consists of two sine tones with constant frequency (220 Hz or 440 Hz, 50-ms onset and offset ramp). US is a train of electric square pulses delivered with a constant current stimulator (Digitimer DS7A, Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK) on participants' dominant forearm through a pin-cathode/ring-anode configuration. SOA betwen the CS and US is 3.5 s. The ITI is randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
PsPM-SC4B: SCR, ECG, EMG, PSR and respiration measurements in a delay fear conditioning task with auditory CS and electrical US
<p>This dataset includes pupil size response (PSR), skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses, keypress response times, key correctness and shock ratings for each of 21 healthy unmedicated participants (10 males and 11 females aged 22.9+/-3.0 years; discrepancies to published studies are due to misprints and exclusion of a subject with incomplete data, which was excluded in all conducted studies as well as here) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. Two pairs of CS+ and CS-, either complex or simple, were delivered with headphones (HD518, Sennheiser, Wedemark-Wennebostel, Germany) at about 68 dB. Complex stimuli were a sequence of four rising (400 to 800 Hz) or falling (800 to 400 Hz) sounds lasting 1 s each. Simple stimuli were tones with constant frequency (400 or 800 Hz) presented for 4 s. US consisted of square electric pulses with 0.2-ms duration and 10 Hz frequency, resulting in a total US duration of 0.5 s. SOA betwen the CS and US was 3.5 s. The ITI was randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
PsPM-DoxMem1: SCR, ECG and respiration measurements in an RCT using doxycycline/placebo during delay fear conditioning and retention.
<p>This dataset includes skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration and electromyogramm (EMG, only relevant for retention phase) measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses and keypress response times for 78 healthy participants (40 males and 38 females aged 23.3+/-3.6 years) under either doxycycline or placebo during a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. CS were a red and a blue screen. US consisted of 0.5 s square electric pulses with participant-specific duration and 500 Hz frequency. SOA between the CS onset and US was 3.5 s. CS and US co-terminated. Before the fear conditioning task, participants completed an N-back task and several questionnaires. During the retention/extinction phase one week after learning and without drug, an auditory startle probe (ST) and no US was delivered 3.5 s after CS onset via headphones (100 dB, 50 ms duration with 2ms on- and offset ramp). In an immediately following re-learning phase, the ST was omitted and the CS reinforced with the same schedule as during acquisition. The ITI was randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
PsPM-FSS6B: SCR and PSR measurements in a delay fear conditioning task with somatosensory CS and electrical US
<p>This dataset includes skin conductance response (SCR) and pupil size response (PSR) measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses, keypress response times and key correctness for each of 18 healthy unmedicated participants (10 males and 8 females aged 25.7+/-5.0 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. Simple and complex CS are delivered to the intermediate phalanges of the index and middle fingers of the non-dominant hand. Simple stimuli are stimulations to either index or middle finger, complex stimuli are stimulations of different temporal structure to both index and middle fingers. CS intensity is set to a perceivable but not unpleasant level. US is a train of electric square pulses delivered with a constant current stimulator (Digitimer DS7A, Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK) on participants' dominant forearm through a pin-cathode/ring-anode configuration. SOA between the CS and US is 3.5 s. The ITI is randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Yohimbine Potentiates Consolidation of Conditioned Fear (Open Data and Open Materials)
<p><strong>Open Data and Open Materials of: Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Skoluda, N., Nater, U. M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2022). Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine potentiates consolidation of conditioned fear. <em>International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology</em>, 25(9), 759–773.</strong></p> <p><em>Background:</em> Hyperconsolidation of aversive associations and poor extinction learning have been hypothesized to be crucial in the acquisition of pathological fear. Previous animal and human research points to the potential role of the catecholaminergic system, particularly noradrenaline and dopamine, in acquiring emotional memories. Here, we investigated in a between-participants design with 3 groups whether the noradrenergic alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine and the dopaminergic D2-receptor antagonist sulpiride modulate long-term fear conditioning and extinction in humans.<br><em>Methods:</em> Fifty-five healthy male students were recruited. The final sample consisted of n = 51 participants who were explicitly aware of the contingencies between conditioned stimuli (CS) and unconditioned stimuli after fear acquisition. The participants were then randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups and received either yohimbine (10 mg, n = 17), sulpiride (200 mg, n = 16), or placebo (n = 18) between fear acquisition and extinction. Recall of conditioned (non-extinguished CS+ vs CS−) and extinguished fear (extinguished CS+ vs CS−) was assessed 1 day later, and a 64-channel electroencephalogram was recorded.<br><em>Results:</em> The yohimbine group showed increased salivary alpha-amylase activity, confirming a successful manipulation of central noradrenergic release. Elevated fear-conditioned bradycardia and larger differential amplitudes of the N170 and late positive potential components in the event-related brain potential indicated that yohimbine treatment (compared with a placebo and sulpiride) enhanced fear recall during day 2.<br><em>Conclusions:</em> These results suggest that yohimbine potentiates cardiac and central electrophysiological signatures of fear memory consolidation. They thereby elucidate the key role of noradrenaline in strengthening the consolidation of conditioned fear associations, which may be a key mechanism in the etiology of fear-related disorders.</p>
PsPM-LI: SCR, ECG, PSR and respiration measurements in a delay fear conditioning task with auditory CS and electrical US.
<p>This dataset includes pupil size response (PSR), skin conductance response(SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements for each of 20 healthy unmedicated participants (8 males and 12 females aged 22.8+/-3.3 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. (One additional participant in the initial sample in Korn et al. (2017) - but who did not finish the experiment and was not included into the analysis - is not contained in this dataset.) The acquisition data is separated into two sessions which were recorded consecutively with a break of approximately 5 min. CS consist of two sine tones with constant frequency (220 Hz or 440 Hz, 50-ms onset and offset ramp) and last for 6.5 s. US is a 0.5 s train of electric square pulses delivered with a constant current stimulator (Digitimer DS7A, Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK) on participants' dominant forearm through a pin-cathode/ring-anode configuration. SOA betwen the CS and US is 6 s. The ITI is randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p>
PsPM-SCBD: Skin conductance response from a delay fear conditioning task with auditory CS (monophones/triads)
<p>This dataset includes skin conductance response (SCR) measurements for 10 healthy unmedicated participants (5 females and 5 males, age range: 18 - 33 years, mean age: 24.1 +/- 4.7) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning experiment with auditory CS. Also included are CS and US information, and ratings of CS after the experiment. Simple and complex CS were simple sine tones (4 s), and triads in root position or in first inversion, respectively. US was a train of electric square pulses delivered with a constant current stimulator (Digitimer DS7A, Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK) on participants' dominant forearm through a pin-cathode/ring-anode configuration. After the fear conditioning task, participants were first asked to report their subjective estimate of how likely they were to receive a shock after a given CS in the future, on a visual analogue scale of 0-100. Then they were asked to rate pairs of CS sounds with respect to which of the two stimuli they liked less.</p>
Learning Dynamics of Electrophysiological Brain Signals During Human Fear Conditioning (Open Data and Open Materials)
<p><strong>Open Data and Open Materials of: Sperl, M. F. J., Wroblewski, A., Mueller, M., Straube, B., & Mueller, E. M. (2021). Learning Dynamics of Electrophysiological Brain Signals During Human Fear Conditioning. <em>NeuroImage</em>, <em>226</em>, 117569.</strong></p> <p>Electrophysiological studies in rodents allow recording neural activity during threats with high temporal and spatial precision. Although fMRI has helped translate insights about the anatomy of underlying brain circuits to humans, the temporal dynamics of neural fear processes remain opaque and require EEG. To date, studies on electrophysiological brain signals in humans have helped to elucidate underlying perceptual and attentional processes, but have widely ignored how fear memory traces <em>evolve</em> over time. The low signal-to-noise ratio of EEG demands aggregations across high numbers of trials, which will wash out transient neurobiological processes that are induced by learning and prone to habituation. Here, our goal was to unravel the plasticity and temporal emergence of EEG responses during fear conditioning. To this end, we developed a new sequential-set fear conditioning paradigm that comprises three successive acquisition and extinction phases, each with a novel CS+/CS- set. Each set consists of two different neutral faces on different background colors which serve as CS+ and CS-, respectively. Thereby, this design provides sufficient trials for EEG analyses while tripling the relative amount of trials that tap into more transient neurobiological processes. Consistent with prior studies on ERP components, data-driven topographic EEG analyses revealed that ERP amplitudes were potentiated during time periods from 33–60 ms, 108–200 ms, and 468–820 ms indicating that fear conditioning prioritizes early sensory processing in the brain, but also facilitates neural responding during later attentional and evaluative stages. Importantly, averaging across the three CS+/CS- sets allowed us to probe the temporal evolution of neural processes: Responses during each of the three time windows gradually increased from early to late fear conditioning, while long-latency (460–730 ms) electrocortical responses diminished throughout fear extinction. Our novel paradigm demonstrates how short-, mid-, and long-latency EEG responses change during fear conditioning and extinction, findings that enlighten the learning curve of neurophysiological responses to threat in humans.</p>
Dataset of Social buffering switches fear to safety encoding by oxytocin recruitment of central amygdala buffer neurons
<p>Dataset of <span>Hegoburu et al., Social buffering switches fear to safety encoding by oxytocin recruitment of central amygdala buffer neurons, Nature Communications.</span></p> <p><span>ABSTRACT</span></p> <p><span>The presence of a companion can reduce fear, but the precise neural mechanisms underlying this social buffering of fear (SBF) are incompletely known. We studied SBF in male and female rats, and its encoding in the amygdala of males, that were fear-conditioned (FC) to auditory conditioned stimuli (CS). Pharmacological, opto,- and/or chemogenetic interventions showed that oxytocin (OT) signaling from hypothalamus-to-central amygdala (CeA) projections was required for acute fear reduction in the presence, and SBF retention 24h later without the companion. Single-unit recordings with optetrodes revealed fear-encoding CeA neurons (characterized by increased CS-responses after FC) were inhibited by SBF and blue light (BL) stimulation of OTergic projections. Other CeA neurons increased CS responses only after SBF exposure. Their baseline activity was enhanced by BL and exposure to the companion. SBF thus switches the CS from encoding "fear" to "safety" by OT-mediated recruitment of a distinct group of CeA "buffer neurons".</span></p> <p> </p>
PsPM-FER01: PSR, SCR, ECG and respiration measurements from a discriminant delay fear conditioning task with visual CS and electrical US.
<p>This dataset includes pupil size response (PSR), skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information and shock expectancy ratings at the end of the experiment for 30 healthy unmedicated participants (12 males and 18 females aged 23.9+/-4.4 years) participating in a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task. Fear acquisition consisted of 10 CS- and 32 CS+ trials (16 CSa+/16 CSb+). Half of the CS+ trials were paired with an electric shock. CS were colored triangles (yellow/red/blue). US consisted of a 500 ms train of 250 square pulses with individual pulse width of 0.2 ms. SOA between the CS onset and US was 3.5 seconds. CS and US co-terminated. The ITI was randomly determined as discrete values between 7-11 seconds (mean 9 seconds).</p> <p> </p>
Aversive imagery causes de novo fear conditioning (Open Data and Open Materials)
<p><strong>Open Data and Open Materials of: Mueller, E. M., Sperl, M. F. J., & Panitz, C. (2019). Aversive imagery causes de novo fear conditioning. <em>Psychological Science</em>, <em>30</em>(7), 1001–1015.</strong></p> <p>In classical fear conditioning, neutral conditioned stimuli (CS) that have been paired with aversive physical unconditioned stimuli eventually trigger fear responses. Here, we test whether aversive mental images systematically paired with a CS may also cause de novo fear learning in the absence of any external aversive stimulation. In two experiments, <em>N</em>=45 and <em>N</em>=41 participants were first trained to produce aversive, neutral, or no imagery in response to one of three different visual imagery cues. In a subsequent imagery-based differential conditioning paradigm, each of the three cues systematically co-terminated with one of three different neutral faces. Although the face that was paired with the aversive imagery cue was never paired with aversive external stimuli or threat-related instructions, participants rated it as more arousing, unpleasant, and threatening and displayed relative fear bradycardia and fear-potentiated startle. These results could be relevant for the development of fear and related disorders without trauma.</p>
PsPM-DoxMem2: Pupil, SCR, ECG, EMG and respiration measurement in a classical pavlovian discriminant delay fear conditioning task, reminder under doxycycline/placebo, retention and re-learning
<p>This dataset includes eyetracker, skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration and electromyogram (EMG, only relevant for retention phase) measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses and keypress response times for 79 healthy participants (40 males and 39 females aged 24.8+/-4.9 years). Participants underwent a classical (Pavlovian) discriminant delay fear conditioning task with 1 CS- and 2 CS+ (50% reinforcement), were reminded of one CS+ one week later under either doxycycline or placebo, and were tested in a retention/extinction and re-learning task another week later. CS were isoluminant coloured triangles. US consisted of 0.5 s square electric pulses with 0.2 ms duration and 500 Hz frequency. SOA between the CS onset and US was 3.5 s. CS and US co-terminated. Before the fear conditioning task, participants completed several questionnaires. During the retention/extinction phase, an auditory startle probe (ST) and no US was delivered 3.5 s after CS onset via headphones (102 dB, 40 ms duration with 2 ms on- and offset ramp). In an immediately following re-learning phase, the ST was omitted and the CS reinforced with the same schedule as during acquisition. The ITI was randomly determined on each trial to be 7, 9, or 11 s.</p> <p> </p>
Auditory stimuli suppress contextual fear responses in safety learning independent of a possible safety meaning
<p>This repository stores the raw data that gave rise to the study by Mombelli et al. (2024) (Title: Auditory stimuli suppress contextual fear responses in safety learning independent of a possible safety meaning; DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1415047, Journal: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience). Below we supply information on the provided metadata files which, in turn, refer to individual raw data files.</p> <p><strong>General structure of the repository:</strong></p> <p>· the raw data is organized in 5 subsets defined by the figures or supplementary figures they contribute to. Each subset is documented by its own metadata file. Raw data files were compressed into ZIP archives, one per subset;</p> <p>· the metadata files listing names of the individual data files are provided in “.csv” format, one per data subset. Field separator: comma;</p> <p>· the dataset is accessible at the following doi: 10.5281/zenodo.13524007</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description of the non-textual data formats:</strong></p> <p>· video recordings of animal behavior were provided as unmodified ".wmv" files created by the VideoFreeze acquisition software (Med Associates Inc). Video stream parameters: wmv3 codec, color space yuv420p, 320x240 pixels, 30 fps, bitrate 300 kb/s.</p> <p>· movement traces were obtained from the videos, as described in the Methods section (Mombelli et al., 2024).</p>
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