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20 results for “fecundity selection”
Selection for male weapons boosts female fecundity, eliminating sexual conflict in the bulb mite
<p>Extreme differences between the sexes are usually explained by intense sexual selection on male weapons or ornaments. Sexually antagonistic genes, with a positive effect on male traits but a negative effect on female fitness, create a negative inter-sexual correlation for fitness (sexual conflict). However, such antagonism might not be apparent if sexually selected male traits are condition-dependent, and condition elevates female fitness. Here we reveal a surprising positive genetic correlation between male weaponry and female fecundity. Using mite lines that had previously been through 13 generations of selection on male weapons (fighting legs), we investigated correlated evolution in female fecundity. Females from lines under positive selection for weapons (up lines) evolved higher fecundity, despite evolving costly, thicker legs. This is likely because male mites have condition-dependent weaponry that increases our ability to indirectly select on male condition. Alleles with positive effects on condition in both sexes could have generated this correlation because: the up lines evolved a higher proportion of fighters and there were positive correlations between weapon size and the male morph and sex ratios of the offspring. This positive inter-sexual genetic correlation should boost the evolution of male weapons and extreme sex differences.</p>
High genetic gains in wood volume and fecundity can be both achieved by direct selection in half-sib families of Pinus yunnanensis Franch.
<p><strong><span>Experiment background</span></strong></p> <p><span>This study focused on characterizing phenotypic variation among and within provenances of <em>Pinus yunnanensis</em><span> Franch. aged 16 years in </span></span><span>a common garden</span><span>, with an emphasis on key traits such as cone production, trunk straightness, and crown health, as well as their relationships with traditional growth traits like tree height, diameter at breast height, and wood volume. Specifically, the objectives were to (1) characterize the variation of each trait within and among provenances; (2) assess inter-trait relationships, exploring patterns of co-variation and potential trade-offs; and (3) evaluate the feasibility of multi-trait selection strategies that aim for simultaneous improvements in growth, trunk straightness, and fecundity, contributing valuable insights for advancing <em>P. yunnanensis</em><span> </span>breeding efforts.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Experimental Design</span></strong></p> <p><span>This study was conducted in a common garden for <em>P. yunnanensis</em> located in Lufeng County, central Yunnan Province (102°12' E, 25°13' N) at an altitude of 1860 meters. The site lies in the transition zone between the subtropical humid climate of eastern Yunnan and the sub-humid climate of southwest Yunnan. The climate is characterized by warm and dry winters, humid and hot summers, with a mean annual temperature of 15.5°C and annual precipitation ranging between 900–1000 mm. The dry season extends from November to April, accounting for 6%-17% of the total annual precipitation.</span></p> <p><span>The common garden was established in 2006, with progeny from 179 superior trees selected from six provenance regions, including Anning County (AN), Qujing City (QJ), Yongren County (YR), Yulong County (YL), Tengchong County (TC), and Ninglang County (NL). Each provenance includes 30 families, except for one provenance with 29 families. </span></p> <p><span>The common garden has an area of about 3 ha, with a random block design, and a planting scheme of 2 m × 3 m</span><span>. </span><a name="_Hlk181695359"></a><span>To minimize environmental variation across the study site, a horizontal banding method was used for land preparation prior to planting.</span><span> </span><span>To reduce environmental variation across the study site, a horizontal banding method was used during land preparation. In each block, six provenances were randomly arranged, and families were randomly assigned within each provenance. Five plants from each family were planted in rows, and the design was replicated four times. A total of 3467 progeny from 179 superior trees across six provenances were included in the trial.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Experimental Variables</span></strong></p> <p><span>The study measured nine phenotypic traits, which included both quantitative and qualitative traits, as outlined below:</span></p> <p><span>Tree Height (H): Measured directly with a Vertex Laser instrument (DZH-30, Harbin, China) in meters (m).</span></p> <p><span>Diameter at Breast Height (D): Measured using a circumference tape in centimeters (cm).</span></p> <p><span>Crown Diameter (LCD, SCD): Long crown diameter (LCD) and short crown diameter (SCD), representing the maximum and minimum tree crown diameter, respectively, measured in meters (m) using a tower ruler.</span></p> <p><span>Height Under the Branch (TH): Measured in meters (m) using a tower ruler.</span></p> <p><span>Wood Volume (V): Estimated using the formula based on the forestry industry standard for <em>P. yunnanensis</em> (Agriculture and Forestry Ministry of China, 1977), with units in cubic meters (m³).</span></p> <p><span>Cone Production (CP): The number of open and closed cones in the canopy, including both serotinous and non-serotinous cones, recorded in counts to assess fecundity.</span></p> <p><span>Trunk Straightness (ST): A subjective visual assessment using a classification system: 1 for a highly twisted stem, 5 for a perfectly straight stem.</span></p> <p><span>Crown Health (CH): Visual assessment of the tree's crown, considering damage from abiotic and biotic stresses, with a grading scale from 1 (severely damaged) to 5 (perfectly healthy).</span></p> <p><strong><span>Data Analysis Methods</span></strong></p> <p><span>Data analysis was performed using R (version 3.6.3). The following statistical methods were employed:</span></p> <p><span>Variance Analysis: Nested variance analysis was used to evaluate the significance of differences and partition phenotypic variation among and within provenances. </span></p> <p><span>Principal Component Analysis (PCA): PCA was performed on the standardized matrix of nine phenotypic traits to reveal the dimensional structure and patterns of the data.</span></p> <p><span>Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): SEM was used to examine the direct and indirect relationships among traits, such as growth (H, D, V), crown size (LCD, SCD, TH), fecundity (CP), trunk straightness (ST), and crown health (CH). This analysis helped identify the causal pathways between the traits.</span></p> <p><span>Random Forest Analysis (RF): RF analysis was conducted to assess the importance of specific traits in predicting fecundity (CP) and trunk straightness (ST). Regression and classification methods were used for these analyses, with 1000 decision trees to ensure stable importance measures.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Dataset Description</span></strong></p> <p><span>The excel file (Raw Data) includes the following sheets: 1- Variables: Details on all the variables. 2- </span><span>Values of phenotypic traits</span><span>. 3- </span><span>Variance components </span><span>of phenotypic traits among and within provenances</span><span>. 4-</span><span> </span><span>Coefficient of variance</span><span> for phenotypic traits</span><span>. 5-</span><span> <span>The</span> <span>average membership function values (SFM) and </span>comprehensive weight of each principal component (PCA)<span> of </span></span><span>phenotypic traits</span><span>.</span></p>
Selection for male weapons boosts female fecundity, eliminating sexual conflict in the bulb mite
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Data from: Fecundity of diamondback moth females when offered honey with pyridalyl, a selective insecticide
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>We previously reported that the presence of pyridalyl, a selective insecticide, in aqueous honey (50 % v/v) negatively affects the survival of diamondback moth (<em>Plutella xylostella</em>: DBM) adults. However, it remains unclear whether toxicity of pyridalyl in aqueous honey affects the fecundity of adult female DBMs. We analyzed the survival and fecundity of adult DBM under the water, honey, or honey + pyridalyl conditions in glass tubes</span><span> containing Japanese mustard spinach (</span><em><span>Brassica rapa</span></em><span>: Komatsuna) leaves</span><span> for 10 days. The survival of adults under the honey (50 % v/v) and honey + pyridalyl (100-fold dilution) conditions was significantly higher and lower, respectively, than under the water condition during the experimental period. The number of eggs laid by DBM females each day (fecundity) under the water condition was significantly lower than that under the honey condition throughout the experimental period, except on day 1. In contrast, the numbers under the water, and honey + pyridalyl conditions were not significantly different, except on day 2 (the honey + pyridalyl condition was significantly lower). To study the effects of plants grown in pots on the survival and fecundity of DBM females, we conducted experiments using acrylic cages containing potted komatsuna plants. The survival trends under the honey, and honey + pyridalyl conditions in the cages were similar to those in the glass tubes. Fecundity was evaluated based on the total number of subsequent generations (DBM larvae and pupae) on day 10. The numbers were significantly higher in the honey condition than in the water condition. </span><span>In contrast, the number in the honey + pyridalyl condition was not significantly different from that in the water condition. Based on these findings, the possible use of pyridalyl in honey for the biological control of DBM is discussed.</span></p>
Evidence for rapid downward fecundity selection in an ectoparasite (Philornis downsi) with earlier host mortality in Darwin’s finches
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Data from: Fecundity of diamondback moth females when offered honey with pyridalyl, a selective insecticide
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Data from: Selection for predation, not female fecundity, explains sexual size dimorphism in the orchid mantises
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Data from: Fecundity selection on ornamental plumage colour differs between ages and sexes and varies over small spatial scales
Avian plumage colours are some of the most conspicuous sexual ornaments, and yet standardized selection gradients for plumage colour have rarely been quantified. We examined patterns of fecundity selection on plumage colour in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus L.). When not accounting for environmental heterogeneity, we detected relatively few cases of selection. We found significant disruptive selection on adult male crown colour and yearling female chest colour and marginally nonsignificant positive linear selection on adult female crown colour. We discovered no new significant selection gradients with canonical rotation of the matrix of nonlinear selection. Next, using a long-term data set, we identified territory-level environmental variables that predicted fecundity to determine whether these variables influenced patterns of plumage selection. The first of these variables, the density of oaks within 50 m of the nest, influenced selection gradients only for yearling males. The second variable, an inverse function of nesting density, interacted with a subset of plumage selection gradients for yearling males and adult females, although the strength and direction of selection did not vary predictably with population density across these analyses. Overall, fecundity selection on plumage colour in blue tits appeared rare and inconsistent among sexes and age classes.
Data from: Lifetime fitness and age-related female ornament signalling: evidence for survival and fecundity selection in the pied flycatcher
Ornaments displayed by females have often been denied evolutionary interest due to their frequently reduced expression relative to males, habitually attributed to a genetic correlation between the sexes. We estimated annual and lifetime reproductive success of female pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) and applied capture–mark–recapture models to analyse annual survival rates in relation to the patterns of expression (absence/presence) of an ornament displayed by all males and a fraction of females. Overall, the likelihood of expressing the ornament increased nonlinearly with female age and was due to within-individual variation, not to the selective appearance or disappearance of ornament-related expression of phenotypes in the population. Accordingly, expressing the forehead patch in a given year did not influence survival probability. However, those females expressing the ornament at early ages (1–2 years old) enjoyed survival advantages throughout lifetime. Although ornamented females had higher lifetime fecundity and fledging success, their yearly reproductive performance, in terms of fledging productivity, decreased as they aged so that, late in life, ornamented females reared fewer offspring than nonexpressing females of the same age. In addition, both strategies (expressing vs. not expressing the trait) returned similar fitness payoffs in terms of recruited offspring. Our results support the hypothesis that fecundity and survival selection are involved in the displaying of this 'male' ornament by females.
Data for: Consequences of adaptation to larval crowding on sexual and fecundity selection in Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span>Sexual selection is a major force influencing the evolution of sexually reproducing species. Environmental factors such as larval density can manipulate adult condition and influence the direction and strength of sexual selection. While most studies on the influence of larval crowding on sexual selection are either correlational or single-generation manipulations, it is unclear how evolution under chronic larval crowding affects sexual selection. To answer this, we measured the strength of sexual selection of male and female <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em> that had evolved under chronic larval crowding for over 250 generations in the laboratory, along with their controls which had never experienced crowding, in a common garden high-density environment</span><span>. We measured selection coefficients on male mating success and sex-specific reproductive success, as separate estimates allowed dissection of sex-specific effects. We show that experimental evolution under chronic larval crowding decreases the strength of sexual and fecundity selection in males, but not in females, relative to populations experiencing crowding for the first time. The effect of larval crowding in reducing reproductive success is almost twice that in females than in males. Our study highlights the importance of studying how evolution in a novel, stressful environment can shape adult fitness in organisms. </span></p>
Data from: Lifetime fitness and age-related female ornament signalling: evidence for survival and fecundity selection in the pied flycatcher
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Data from: Energy storage and fecundity explain deviations from ecological stoichiometry predictions under global warming and size-selective predation
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Data for: Consequences of adaptation to larval crowding on sexual and fecundity selection in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Fecundity selection on ornamental plumage colour differs between ages and sexes and varies over small spatial scales
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Data from: Integrating viability and fecundity selection to illuminate the adaptive nature of genetic clines
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Data from: Sexual, fecundity, and viability selection on flower size and number in a sexually dimorphic plant
The evolution of sexual dimorphism will depend on how sexual, fecundity and viability selection act within each sex, with the different forms of selection potentially operating in opposing directions. We examined selection in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia using planted arrays of selection lines that differed in flower size (small vs. large). In this species a flower size/number tradeoff exists within each sex, and males produce smaller and more numerous flowers than females. Moreover, floral traits are genetically correlated with leaf physiology. Sexual selection favoring males in the small-flower line occurred via greater overlap in the timing of flower output between males from this line and females. Fecundity selection favored males with high flower production, as siring success was proportionate to pollen production. Viability selection opposed sexual selection, favoring males from the large-flower line. In females, fecundity and viability selection operated in the same direction, favoring those from the large-flower line via greater seed production and survival. These results concur with the pattern of floral sexual dimorphism. Together with previous results they suggest that the outcome of the different forms of selection will be environmentally dependent, and therefore help to explain variation among populations in sexually dimorphic traits.
Trade-off between fecundity and survival generates stabilizing selection on gall size
<p>Complex interactions within multi-trophic communities are fundamental to the evolution of individual species that reside within them. One common outcome of species interactions are fitness trade-offs, where traits adaptive in some circumstances are maladaptive in others. Here, we identify a fitness trade-off between fecundity and survival in the cynipid wasp <i>Callirhytis quercusbatatoides</i> that induces multi-chambered galls on the stem of its host plant <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. We first quantified this trade-off in natural populations by documenting two relationships: a positive association between the trait gall size and fecundity, as larger galls contain more offspring, and a negative association between gall size and survival, as larger galls are attacked by birds at a higher rate. Next, we performed a field-based experimental evolution study where birds were excluded from the entire canopy of 11 large host trees for five years. As a result of the five-year release from avian predators, we observed a significant shift to larger galls per tree. Overall, our study demonstrates how two opposing forces of selection can generate stabilizing selection on a critical phenotypic trait in wild populations, and how traits can evolve rapidly in the predicted direction when conditions change.</p>
Data from: Sexual, fecundity, and viability selection on flower size and number in a sexually dimorphic plant
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Trade-off between fecundity and survival generates stabilizing selection on gall size
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Data from: The role of fecundity and sexual selection in the evolution of size and sexual size dimorphism in New World and Old World voles (Rodentia: Arvicolinae)
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