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14 results for “female choosiness”
Low sex drive and choosy females: Fungal infections are a reproductive downfall for male house flies
<p>Many entomopathogenic fungi cause infections that kill their insect host. Little is understood about changes in the reproductive investment that occur during an infection by a lethal disease over the waning life of an insect. Life history theory suggests the host will respond by investing resources into fighting the disease or increasing reproduction. Here, we investigate how the reproductive life of adult house flies, <em>Musca domestica</em>, is impacted by its host-specific fungal pathogen, <em>Entomophthora muscae</em>. Specifically, we test how the week-long infection alters the mating behavior of virgin adult male house flies. We find that the pathogen significantly decreases male libido; an effect which grows stronger over the course of the infection. Furthermore, females were significantly less likely to choose an infected male, reducing male mating success. Additionally, we assessed sperm viability to understand the reproductive costs for monandrous females to mate with infected males. Analyses revealed that sperm quality decreases as early as three days post-infection. These results show that <em>E. muscae</em>, which can have a prevalence near 100% in wild populations, causes severe lifetime reproductive costs to male house flies. Understanding how host-pathogen interactions affect host life history is crucial for elucidating all the negative effects pathogen virulence exerts on hosts.</p>
Low sex drive and choosy females: Fungal infections are a reproductive downfall for male house flies
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Data from: Adult nutritional stress decreases oviposition choosiness and fecundity in female butterflies
Despite the benefits of careful decision-making, not all animals are choosy. One explanation is that choosiness can cost time and energy and thus depend on nutrition. However, it is not clear how allocation to choosiness versus other components of life history shifts in the face of nutritional stress. We tested two hypotheses about the effects of nutritional stress on choosiness and other life history traits: 1) poor nutrition leads to compensatory shifts in life history strategy towards greater investment per offspring in terms of choosy oviposition behavior and egg resources, and 2) poor nutrition negatively affects a range of life history traits. Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) females were reared under low or high nutrition conditions during the larval and adult stage in a fully factorial design. Choosiness was quantified as avoidance of conspecific models during oviposition. Adult life history traits included egg number, egg size, and thorax protein. Females that experienced nutritional stress as adults were less choosy and less fecund, in support of the second hypothesis. Yet females that were stressed as larvae invested more in thorax muscle, consistent with the first hypothesis. Overall, adult nutritional stress decreased investment in multiple reproductive traits, including a behavioral trait, but larval stress increased investment in flight, potentially to disperse away from nutritionally poor environments.
Data from: Adult nutritional stress decreases oviposition choosiness and fecundity in female butterflies
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Data from: It is better to be choosy in small populations: Drift promotes the evolution of weak female preference for rare phenotypes
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Data from: Evidence for dominant males but not choosy females in an insular rock iguana
In natural populations susceptible to inbreeding depression, behaviors such as female promiscuity and disassortative mating may enhance the production of outbred progeny and help maintain genetic variation at the population-level. However, empirical tests of such hypotheses have largely focused on mating systems in which female choice is known to play a large role. In insular reptile populations, cryptic choice may be important for overcoming constraints on precopulatory choice and diversifying breeder representation. We carried out pedigree reconstructions of 50 clutches of critically endangered Cyclura nubila caymanensis (Sauria: Iguanidae) to investigate the prevalence and efficacy of strategies theorized to optimize genetic compatibility among mate pairs. We found that females mating disassortatively and multiply, but not with respect to male heterozygosity, tended to produce more heterozygous offspring on average. Pair relatedness also had a negative effect on hatching success, while additional sires positively influenced clutch size. Despite evidence for direct and indirect benefits, females did not mate with more outbred or genetically dissimilar males than expected by chance. Our data imply strong reproductive skew among males, with geographic proximity and body size largely predicting siring success. Multiple-paternity occurred in a minimum of 38% of clutches. Paradoxically, females were not more promiscuous when confronted with more males, as demonstrated at a site supporting high local densities. Our data imply that while female mating behaviors have the potential to confer adaptive benefits in this small population, the trajectory of mating system evolution may be largely constrained by sexual conflict.
Data from: Common cuckoo females are not choosy when removing an egg during parasitism
Females of avian brood parasites have evolved various tactics to succeed in their reproductive strategy. Many of these adaptations, for example speed and timing of egg laying or egg mimicry, have been investigated in detail. However, one peculiar habit of parasitic females is still not fully understood—egg removal by adult parasitic females before laying their own egg. Here, we examined 2 hypotheses to explain this behavior in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Both hypotheses explored if the cuckoo females can inspect eggs in host nests and selectively remove some of them to improve their fitness. First, we investigated the "parasite competition hypothesis," which proposes that the cuckoo removes an egg from the host nest to get rid of a previously laid parasitic egg from another cuckoo female. Second, we proposed and investigated a new "mimicry improvement hypothesis" stating that the common cuckoo female removes 1 host egg to improve mimicry of its egg in the host clutch and thus increase the chance of acceptance. Randomization tests revealed that cuckoo females are not selective and remove 1 randomly chosen egg from the host nest. We suggest that egg selection behavior could be too costly because it requires time and the cuckoo benefits most from minimizing the time spent at the nest due to aggressiveness of the host.
Data from: Direct detection of male quality can facilitate the evolution of female choosiness and indicators of good genes: evolution across a continuum of indicator mechanisms
The evolution of mating displays as indicators of male quality has been the subject of extensive theoretical and empirical research for over four decades. Research has also addressed the evolution of female mate choice favoring such indicators. Yet, much debate still exists about whether displays can evolve through the indirect benefits of female mate choice. Here, we use a population genetic model to investigate how the extent to which females can directly detect male quality influences the evolution of female choosiness and male displays. We use a continuum framework that incorporates indicator mechanisms that are traditionally modelled separately. Counter to intuition, we find that intermediate levels of direct detection of male quality can facilitate, rather than impede, the evolution of female choosiness and male displays in broad regions of this continuum. We examine how this evolution is driven by selective forces on genetic quality and on the display, and find that direct detection of male quality results in stronger indirect selection favoring female choosiness. Our results imply that displays maybe more likely to evolve when female choosiness has already evolved to discriminate perceptible forms of male quality. They also highlight the importance of considering general female choosiness, as well as preference, in studies of "good genes".
Data from: Evidence for dominant males but not choosy females in an insular rock iguana
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Artificial selection on female preferences rapidly alters choosiness and acceptance of divergent male songs in Drosophila
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Data from: Common cuckoo females are not choosy when removing an egg during parasitism
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Data from: Direct detection of male quality can facilitate the evolution of female choosiness and indicators of good genes: evolution across a continuum of indicator mechanisms
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Data from: Female choosiness leads to the evolution of individually distinctive males
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Data from: Condition dependence of female choosiness in a field cricket
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