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Fig. 5 in Methods to separate Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males from females for the implementation of sterile insect-inherited sterility technique control tactics

Fig. 5. The percentages of male and female Lobesia botrana adults that emerged from the pupal stage on each consecutive d afer the onset of adult emergence.

Fig. 6 in Methods to separate Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males from females for the implementation of sterile insect-inherited sterility technique control tactics

Fig. 6. Distribution of Lobesia botrana male and female pupae based on the overall lengths of the pupae.

Fig. 3. R, G and B in Methods to separate Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males from females for the implementation of sterile insect-inherited sterility technique control tactics

Fig. 3. R, G and B color values of male and female Lobesia botrana larvae during the wandering phase. A. Average R, G and B color values of wandering male and female larvae, and B. Percentages of wandering red, green and blue larvae in relation to the R, G and B values as a proportion of total male and female larvae. * P = 0.001, Tukey α = 0.05.

Fig. 1 in Methods to separate Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males from females for the implementation of sterile insect-inherited sterility technique control tactics

Fig. 1. Lobesia botrana pupae indicating the number of abdominal segments in (A) male (4 segments), and (B) female pupae (3 segments) as measured from the abdomen tip to the wing's point, and (C) distance between the head and the abdomen tip as a measurement of pupal length.

Fig. 4 in Methods to separate Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males from females for the implementation of sterile insect-inherited sterility technique control tactics

Fig. 4. The percentages of wandering Lobesia botrana larvae that departed from their food on each consecutive day of the wandering phase and that sub- sequently developed into either adult males or adult females.

Fig. 7 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 7. Number of eggs ovulated by adult females of Megamelus scutellaris correlated by a) age (days) and b) collar length (mm). The solid line represents the linear relationship between variables and the dashed lines is the 95% confidence interval (n = 15; P = 0.001 and r = 0.778).

Fig. 6. The 3 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 6. The 3 parous classes of Megamelus scutellaris. The P1 class (a and b) is characterized by the presence of follicular relics, which may not be present in some or all ovarioles, may be light in coloration and may or may not encircle the base of the ovariole. The follicular relics do not occur at high enough densities to cause an expansion or bulging. The collar may or may not be visible and does not extend past the follicular relic accumulation area. In the P2 class (c and d) follicular relics are present in all ovarioles and at high enough densities to cause bulging. They are distinctly yellow in coloration and relatively darker in comparison to those found in the P1 class. The collar is easily seen and typically extends past the follicular accumulation area. In the P3 class (e and f) follicular relics are variable, may or may not be in high enough densities to cause bulging, and typically completely encircle the base. The collar length easily surpasses the follicular relic accumulation area.

Fig. 4 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 4. Follicular relic formation and appearance in the distal area of an ovariole and anterior lateral oviduct (loa) with the germinal vesicle (gv), oocyte with yolk (oy), follicular epithelium (fe) beginning to slough off into the ovariole base (as shown by the arrow), follicular relics (fr), and collar in Megamelus scutellaris. Note the granular appearance of follicular relics having a high enough density to begin to expand or bulge the sides of the lateral oviduct.

Fig. 2 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of the female reproductive system of Megamelus scutellaris showing a) distal portion of the ovary showing the distal lateral oviduct (lop), common oviduct (co), bursa copulatrix (b), and spermatheca/spermathecal gland (spt and sptg, respectively), and b) close-up of ovariole morphology (b) showing the anterior lateral oviduct (loa), germarium (g), vitellarium (v), and terminal filament (tf).

Fig. 1 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of the female reproductive system of Megamelus scutellaris showing ovaries (ov), common oviduct (c), anterior and posterior portions of the lateral oviduct (loa and lop, respectively), and overall structure of a follicle including the germinal vesicle (gv) and oocyte with yolk (oy).

Fig. 3 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of the female reproductive system of Megamelus scutellaris showing a) close-up of the distal portion of an ovariole showing the anterior lateral oviduct (loa), follicular epithelium (fe), ovariole sheath (os), germinal vesicle (gv), oocyte with yolk (oy), and collar (c), and b) distal portion of an ovariole showing a newly ovulated egg (e) into the anterior lateral oviduct (loa), ovary (ov), ovariole (lov), and the collar (c).

Fig. 5. The 3 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 5. The 3 nulliparous stages of Megamelus scutellaris. a) N1—Note the lack of differentiation in the vitellarium (v) and large size of the germarium (g) in comparison to the vitellarium. b) N2—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no fully mature follicles, and no follicular relics. c and d) N3—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no follicular relics are present, and at least 2 follicles are mature and ready to be ovulated as indicated by darkening of the interior of the oocyte by yolk deposition.

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Data from: Extensive, transient, and long-lasting gene regulation in a song-controlling brain area during testosterone-induced song development in adult female canaries

Like other canary reproductive behaviors, song production occurs seasonally and can be triggered by gonadal hormones. Adult female canaries treated with testosterone sing first songs after four days and progressively develop towards typical canary song structure over several weeks, a behavior that females otherwise rarely or never show. We compared gene regulatory networks in the song-controlling brain area HVC after 1 hour (h), 3 h, 8 h, 3 days (d), 7d, and 14d testosterone treatment with placebo-treated control females, paralleling HVC and song development. Rapid onset (1 h or less) of extensive transcriptional changes (2,700 genes) preceded the onset of song production by four days. The highest level of differential gene expression occurred at 14 days when song structure was most elaborate, and song activity was highest. The transcriptomes changed massively several times during the two-week of song production. A total of 9,710 genes were differentially expressed, corresponding to about 60% of the known protein-coding genes of the canary genome. Most (99%) of the differentially expressed genes were regulated only at specific stages. The differentially expressed genes were associated with diverse biological functions, of which cellular level occurring early and nervous system level occurring primarily after prolonged testosterone treatment. Thus, the development of adult songs requires restructuring the entire HVC, including most HVC cell types, rather than altering only neuronal subpopulations or cellular components. Parallel regulation directly by androgen and estrogen receptors and by other hub genes such as the transcription factor SP8, which are under steroidogenic control, lead to massive transcriptomic and neural changes in the specific behavior-controlling brain areas and gradual seasonal occurrence of singing behavior.

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Extensive, transient, and long-lasting gene regulation in a song-controlling brain area during testosterone-induced song development in adult female canaries

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Data from: pre-copulatory choices drive post-copulatory decisions: mechanisms of female control shift across different life stages

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Fig. 2 in Methods to separate Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males from females for the implementation of sterile insect-inherited sterility technique control tactics

Fig. 2. Fifh instar larvae of Lobesia botrana indicating various shades of blue and green.