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Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Fig. 1. Sampling sites of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (large filled circles) and Psenulus schencki (Tournier, 1889) (squares) used for the DNA barcode sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 locus. Small filled circles show georeferenced distribution records of P. fulvicornis with confirmed determinations by Schmid-Egger (2002) together with newer records by Gayubo et al. (2012), Mokrousov & Popov (2016), Reder & Niehuis (2014), Standfuss & Standfuss (2012) and Zsolt (2008). The triangle represents the undetermined specimen (PSC-7) from Pisa, Italy.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic relationships within Psenulus taxa based on cox1 and the GTR+G substitution model. All bifurcations with bootstrap values below 60% were collapsed. The bold black lines indicate bootstrap of at least 70% and the thick grey bifurcations 60-70%. Both Diodontus minutus (Fabricius, 1793) and Pemphredon lethifer (Shuckard, 1837) sequences root this tree. Specimens are labelled with the sample ID, their GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System, and the collection site if known (see supplementary Table S1). Six lineages I–VI were found within the P. fulvicornis-Group.

Fig. 15 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 15. Pristomerus vahaza sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, head, facial. C. ♀, hind femur, profile. D. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 17 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 17. Pristomerus yago sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, head, facial. C. ♀, hind femur, profile. D. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 14 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 14. Pristomerus roberti sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 11 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 11. Pristomerus moramora sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 8 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 8. Pristomerus kelikely sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur,

Fig. 3 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 3. Pristomerus albescens (Morley). A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 5. Pristomerus cunctator Tosquinet 1896. A in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 5. Pristomerus cunctator Tosquinet 1896. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, head, facial. C. ♀, hind femur, profile. D. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 10 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 10. Pristomerus melissa sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 4. Pristomerus caris Fitton, 1994. A in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 4. Pristomerus caris Fitton, 1994. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, head, facial. C. ♂ (paratype), head, dorsal. D. ♂ (Ankaratra), head, dorsal. E. ♀, mesosoma, dorsal. F. ♀, hind femur, profile. G. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 6 in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 6. Pristomerus guinness sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, profile. B. ♀, habitus, dorsal. C. ♀, head, facial. D. ♀, hind femur, profile. E. ♂, hind femur, profile.

Fig. 2. Female Femoral Tooth index. A in Ichneumonid wasps from Madagascar. VI. The genus Pristomerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae)

Fig. 2. Female Femoral Tooth index. A. Tooth absent (FFT = 0). B. Tooth distinct, but wider than high (FFT = 1). C. Tooth higher than wide (FFT = 2).

FIG. 5. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 5. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308; arrow, hypopygium. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.

FIG. 3. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 3. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308: A, head and anterior part of mesosoma, arrow metanotum; B, head, arrow, clypeus. Scale bars: A, 0.4 mm; B, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 4. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 4. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308, mandibles: A, front view; B, side view; ellipses, mandibles. Scale bars: 0.08 mm.

FIG. 2. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 2. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308: A, wings; B, metasoma left view; C, metasoma right view, arrow tergal process. Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; C, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 1. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n in First fossil of the extant flat wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Pristocerinae)

FIG. 1. — Dissomphalus schubnelli n. sp., holotype MNHN.F.A71308, habitus: A, above; B, below; C, left side. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 6. Phenotypic variation among the four species represented by the first two coordinate axes of a principal component analysis.Twelve morphological characters were analyzed (Table 3). A Mantel test of the multivariate morphological differences among species was highly significant (P <0.0001). In addition, LO1 shows further differentiation based on geography, with distinct clusters recovered for both Baja and Sonora samples.

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X-axes are in units of mutations per site, while y-axes are in units of effective population size scaled by mutation rate. LO1 shows sharp growth in population size, whereas SO1 and SO2 show a similar pattern of consistent population size through time with minimal growth. LO2 was not included as it contains two cryptic species reducing sample sizes too low for analysis.